Implantation ionique d'hydrogène et d'hélium à basse énergie dans le silicium monocristallin

The high dose hydrogen ion implantation is used in the Smart Cut (tm) process to transfer relatively thick (i.e. >200 nm) Si layers from a donor substrate onto a host material. Hydrogen and helium co-implantation at low energies for a much lower total fluence opens the way for transferring extremely thinner (i.e. 200 nm) sur un autre substrat. En utilisant l'implantation à très basse énergie, la co-implantation d'H et d'He pour des doses totales bien plus faibles que celles requises lorsque l'hydrogène est implanté seul ouvre la voie à un transfert de couches beaucoup plus minces (< 50 nm). Cependant, les phénomènes mis en jeu ainsi que les mécanismes responsables de l'interaction, près de la surface libre du wafer, entre l'H et l'He, et les interstitiels et les lacunes qu'ils génèrent, restent à ce jour largement incompris. Dans ce travail, nous avons tout d'abord déterminé l'effet de la réduction des énergies d'implantation d'H et d'He sur la formation et le développement, lors d'un recuit, des cloques qui se forment à partir de micro-fissures en l'absence d'un raidisseur collé à la plaque implantée. Une approche basée sur la comparaison entre les caractéristiques dimensionnelles des cloques obtenues expérimentalement et la simulation par éléments finis, nous a permis de déterminer la pression et la quantité d'He et d'H2 hébergées dans ces cloques. En comparant ces résultats avec les doses d'ions implantées, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l'absence d'exo-diffusion d'He et d'H lors d'un recuit quelle que soit la distance entre la surface et les profils d'ions implantés, qui montre une forte efficacité des cloques à préserver les molécules. Nous avons pu identifier, puis expliquer, la différence en efficacité de coalescence des cloques en fonction de leurs positions en profondeur en la reliant à la variation de l'augmentation d'énergie élastique des cloques par rapport à leur surface. Nous avons ensuite étudié le rôle du dommage ionique, c'est-à-dire des défauts résultants de la co-implantation d'He et d'H, sur la formation et l'évolution thermique de la microstructure du silicium implanté. Cette étude a été menée soit en fonction de l'ordre d'implantation, soit en fonction de la position nominale en profondeur du profil d'He par rapport au profil d'H, soit en fonction du ratio entre les doses d'implantation d'He et d'H. Nous avons montré que la distribution en profondeur de l'H n'est jamais affectée par la co-implantation d'He. L'He est toujours piégé dans la zone où le dommage est maximal. Lorsque le dommage est maximal dans la zone du profil d'H, l'He y diffuse et y est piégé dans des nano-bulles et/ou des microfissures. Mais si le dommage généré dans la zone où est distribué l'He est supérieur à celui généré autour du profil d'H, l'He reste piégé en dehors du profil d'H dans des nano-bulles. L'He contenue dans des nano-bulles, quelle que soit leur distribution en profondeur, ne contribue pas à la pressurisation des cloques ce qui ralenti la coalescence des cloques. Finalement, nous avons pu proposer différents scénarii permettant de rendre compte des similarités et des différences mises en évidence tant avant recuit qu'après recuit, à basse ou plus haute température selon le type d'implantation réalisé

Ion implantation of hydrogen helium at low energy in monocrystalline silicon

L'implantation d'hydrogène à forte dose est utilisée dans le procédé Smart Cut(tm) afin de transférer des couches de silicium assez épaisses (>200 nm) sur un autre substrat. En utilisant l'implantation à très basse énergie, la co-implantation d'H et d'He pour des doses totales bien plus faibles que celles requises lorsque l'hydrogène est implanté seul ouvre la voie à un transfert de couches beaucoup plus minces (200 nm) Si layers from a donor substrate onto a host material. Hydrogen and helium co-implantation at low energies for a much lower total fluence opens the way for transferring extremely thinner (i.e. <50 nm) layers. However, the phenomena and the mechanisms responsible for the interaction, close to a wafer surface, between H, He, silicon interstitials and vacancies they generate remain poorly understood. First, we studied the effect of reducing the ion energies during both H and He implantations onto the formation and the development of blisters during annealing. Blisters were formed from the micro-cracks since a stiffener was not bonded to the implanted wafer. An approach, based on the comparison between experimentally obtained size characteristics of blisters with the finite element method simulations, allowed us to deduce the pressure inside blister cavities and the fraction of the implanted fluences used to pressurize them. We showed that even when implanted at very low energy, H and He atoms do not exo-diffuse out of the implanted region during annealing. We were able to identify, and then relate the efficiency of blister coalescence to a variation in the elastic energy of blisters as a function of their depth position. In a second part, we studied the role of the damage, produced by He and H coimplantation, on the formation and the thermal evolution of the microstructure of the implanted silicon. These investigations were realized as a function of either the order of co-implantation, or the nominal position of the He profile with respect to the H one, or the ratio between He and H fluences. We showed that the H depth distribution was never affected by He co-implantation. Helium was always trapped at the depth where the damage was maximum. When the damage was highest within the H profile, He diffused and was trapped there in the nano-bubbles and /or the blister cavities. However, when the damage was higher within the He profile than within the H one, He remained trapped in the nano-bubbles outside the H profile. Helium contained in the nano-bubbles, whatever their depth distribution, did not contribute to a pressurization of blister cavities that slowed down their coalescence. Finally, we have proposed various scenarios accounting for the similarities and the differences evidenced both before and after annealing at low or higher temperatures depending on the type of realized implantation

A method to determine the pressure and densities of gas stored in blisters: Application to H and He sequential ion implantation in silicon

cited By 0International audienceH and He sequential ion implantation of silicon followed by annealing leads to the formation of gas pressurized cavities. When close enough to the surface, they elastically deform this surface and generate blisters. Gaining knowledge of the characteristics and thermal behavior of these blisters is mandatory for the optimization of the Smart Cut™ process. In this paper, we develop the idea and demonstrate that the pressure and the concentrations of the gases inside a blister can be inferred from its actual dimensions and depth location by using simulations based on Finite Element Method (FEM) modelling. We apply this method to initiate a study on the influence of the respective fluences of H and He ions used in a sequential implantation on blistering efficiency

Blistering of silicon surfaces due to very low energy H and He co-implantation

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Sequential He++H+ ion implantation in silicon: factors affecting blistering”

International audienc

Blistering of silicon surfaces due to very low energy H and He co-implantation

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Impact of He and H relative depth distributions on the result of sequential He+ and H+ ion implantation and annealing in silicon

International audienceSequential He++H+ ion implantation, being more effective than the sole implantation of H+ or He+, is used by many to transfer thin layers of silicon onto different substrates. However, due to the poor understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in such a process, the implantation parameters to be used for the efficient delamination of a superficial layer are still subject to debate. In this work, by using various experimental techniques, we have studied the influence of the He and H relative depth-distributions imposed by the ion energies onto the result of the sequential implantation and annealing of the same fluence of He and H ions. Analyzing the characteristics of the blister populations observed after annealing and deducing the composition of the gas they contain from FEM simulations, we show that the trapping efficiency of He atoms in platelets and blisters during annealing depends on the behavior of the vacancies generated by the two implants within the H-rich region before and after annealing. Maximum efficiency of the sequential ion implantation is obtained when the H-rich region is able to trap all implanted He ions, while the vacancies it generated are not available to favor the formation of V-rich complexes after implantation then He-filled nano-bubbles after annealing. A technological option is to implant He+ ions first at such an energy that the damage it generates is located on the deeper side of the H profile

Materials science behind the Smart Cut process

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Materials science behind the Smart Cut process

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Effect of implantation of C, Si and Cu into ZrNb nanometric multilayers

Sputter-deposited Zr/Nb nanometric multilayer films with a periodicity (L) in the range from 6 to 167 nm were subjected to carbon, silicon and copper ion irradiation with low and high fluences at room temperature. The ion profiles, mechanical proprieties, and disordering behavior have been investigated by using a variety of experimental techniques (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry - SIMS, nanoindentation, X-ray diffraction - XRD, and scanning transmission electron microscopy - STEM). On the STEM bright field micrographs there is damage clearly visible on the surface side of the multilayer; deeper, the most damaged and disordered zone, located close to the maximum ion concentration, was observed. The in-depth C and Si concentration profiles obtained from SIMS were not affected by the periodicity of the nanolayers. This is in accordance with SRIM simulations. XRD and electron diffraction analyses suggest a structural evolution in relation to L. After irradiation, Zr (0002) and Nb (110) reflexions overlap for L=6 nm. For the periodicity L&gt; 6 nm the Zr (0002) peak is shifted to higher angles and Nb (110) peak is shifted to lower angles.</p