A Game-Theoretic Framework for AI Governance

As a transformative general-purpose technology, AI has empowered various industries and will continue to shape our lives through ubiquitous applications. Despite the enormous benefits from wide-spread AI deployment, it is crucial to address associated downside risks and therefore ensure AI advances are safe, fair, responsible, and aligned with human values. To do so, we need to establish effective AI governance. In this work, we show that the strategic interaction between the regulatory agencies and AI firms has an intrinsic structure reminiscent of a Stackelberg game, which motivates us to propose a game-theoretic modeling framework for AI governance. In particular, we formulate such interaction as a Stackelberg game composed of a leader and a follower, which captures the underlying game structure compared to its simultaneous play counterparts. Furthermore, the choice of the leader naturally gives rise to two settings. And we demonstrate that our proposed model can serves as a unified AI governance framework from two aspects: firstly we can map one setting to the AI governance of civil domains and the other to the safety-critical and military domains, secondly, the two settings of governance could be chosen contingent on the capability of the intelligent systems. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to use game theory for analyzing and structuring AI governance. We also discuss promising directions and hope this can help stimulate research interest in this interdisciplinary area. On a high, we hope this work would contribute to develop a new paradigm for technology policy: the quantitative and AI-driven methods for the technology policy field, which holds significant promise for overcoming many shortcomings of existing qualitative approaches

Tris(2-amino-1,3-thia­zole-κN 3)(7-oxa­bicyclo­[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxyl­ato-κ3 O 2,O 3,O 7)cadmium(II) dihydrate

In the crystal structure of the title complex, [Cd(C8H8O5)(C3H4N2S)3]·2H2O, the CdII atom exhibits a slightly distorted octa­hedral CdO3N3 coordination, defined by the bridging O atom of the bicyclo­heptane unit, two O atoms from the carboxyl­ate groups and by three N atoms from three 2-amino­thia­zole ligands. Uncoordinated lattice water mol­ecules are also present in the crystal structure. N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions link the components into a three-dimensional structure

rac-7-Oxabicyclo­[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid–2-amino-1,3,4-thia­diazole–water (1/1/1)

The title compound, C8H10O5·C2H3N3S·H2O, was synthesized by the reaction of 2-amino-1,3,4-thia­diazole with norcantharidin. The crystal structure is stabilized by N—H⋯O, N—H⋯N, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In addition, weak π–π inter­actions are observed between symmetry-related thia­diazole ring systems [centroid–centroid distance = 3.9110 (3) Å, inter­planar spacing = 3.4845 Å]

Can Marketization Improve Sustainable Development in Northeastern China? Evidence from the Perspective of Coupling Coordination Degree Model

With the acquisition of sustainable development, pursuing the coordinated development of social economy and ecological environment has been a critical approach of Northeastern China. Since the reform and opening-up, marketization has profoundly affected the regional social economy. However, what role will marketization play in regional sustainable development? Can marketization improve sustainable development measured by the coupling coordination degree? This paper adopts the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) to estimate the coupling coordination degree and further explore the impact of marketization on the coupling coordination degree in Northeastern China from 1994 to 2019. The results show that the average values of the static coupling degree (SCD), dynamic coupling degree (DCD), and coupling coordination degree (CCD) remained in a tiny coordinated state, which indicated that the level of sustainable development in Northeastern China is presented still primary from 1990 to 2019. Marketization has a significant negative impact on the coupling coordination degree, which indicates that marketization should be considered in the process of sustainable development in Northeastern China

Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Change Consumers’ Food Consumption and Willingness-to-Pay? The Case of China

Since COVID-19 was first detected in China in 2019, governments around the world have imposed strict measures to curb the spread of the coronavirus, which substantially impacted people’s life. Consumers’ food consumption behavior has also changed accordingly with reduced grocery shopping frequency, replaced in-person grocery shopping with online shopping, and increased valuation on food. In this paper, we aim to investigate the change in Chinese consumers’ food consumption and their willingness to pay (WTP) for vegetables and meat, using a dataset with 1206 online samples collected between February and March 2020. Consumers’ WTP for vegetables and meat is estimated using a double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation design, and factors affecting their WTPs are also investigated. Results show that consumers have a higher WTP for these food products during the pandemic, and their WTP is positively affected by their anticipated duration of the COVID-19, their online shopping shares, their direct exposure to infected patients, their gender, and their income. These results imply that the food industry shall try to develop online market channels as consumers are willing to share the costs, while lower-income consumers may not be able to meet their food needs with prices increased beyond their WTP and thus may call for the government’s support

Single-cell Transcriptomics of Murine Mural Cells Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity

Mural cells (MCs) wrap around the endothelium, and participate in the development and homeostasis of vasculature. MCs have been reported as heterogeneous population morphologically and functionally. However, the transcriptional heterogeneity of MCs was rarely studied. In this study, we illustrated the transcriptional heterogeneity of MCs with different perspectives by using publicly available single-cell dataset GSE109774. Specifically, MCs are transcriptionally different from other cell types, and ligand-receptor interactions of different cells with MCs vary. Re-clustering of MCs identified five distinct subclusters. The heterogeneity of MCs in tissues was reflected by MC coverage, various distribution of MC subclusters, and ligand-receptor interactions of MCs and parenchymal cells. The transcriptomic diversity of MCs revealed in this article will help facilitate further research into MCs

Acute aerobic exercise alters executive control network in preadolescent children

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of acute aerobic exercise on executive function (EF) and executive control network (ECN) in preadolescent children, and further explored the neural basis of acute aerobic exercise on EF in these children. We used a within-subjects design with a counterbalanced order. Nine healthy, right-handed children were scanned with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and performed an EF task both in baseline session and exercise session. The exercise session was consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 60% of their estimated maximum heart rate. Compared with the baseline session, acute aerobic exercise benefitted performance in the EF task, increased the functional connectivity between right dorsolateral prefrontal and left cerebellum, further, the increment of functional connectivity was negatively correlated with the EF' s behavioral performance change. These findings suggest that acute aerobic exercise enhances children's EF, and the neural basis may be related to functional connectivity changes in the ECN elicited by acute aerobic exercise.El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la influencia del ejercicio aeróbico agudo en la función ejecutiva (EF) y la red de control ejecutiva (REC) en niños preadolescentes, además explorar la base neutral de estos ejercicios aeróbicos en los niños. Hemos utilizado un diseño de orden equilibrado. Nueve niños diestros saludables fueron escaneados con resonancia magnética funcional y se llevaron a cabo tareas de EF, sesiones de ejercicio y sesiones de medición basal. Comparado con las sesiones de base, la sesión de ejercicio consistió en 30 minutos de ejercicios aeróbicos en bicicleta ergométrica al 60% del ritmo cardiaco máximo estimado. Comparado con la sesión basal, el ejercicio aeróbico agudo benefició el desempeño en la tarea EF, aumentó la conectividad funcional entre el prefrontal dorsolateral derecho y el cerebelo izquierdo, además, el incremento de conectividad funcional se correlacionó negativamente con el cambio en el comportamiento del EF. Los resultados de estos estudios demuestran que el ejercicio aeróbico agudo refuerza, y puede provocar ciertos cambios

State-independent geometric quantum gates via nonadiabatic and noncyclic evolution

Geometric phases are robust to local noises and the nonadiabatic ones can reduce the evolution time, thus nonadiabatic geometric gates have strong robustness and can approach high fidelity. However, the advantage of geometric phase has not being fully explored in previous investigations. Here, we propose a scheme for universal quantum gates with pure nonadiabatic and noncyclic geometric phases from smooth evolution paths. In our scheme, only geometric phase can be accumulated in a fast way, and thus it not only fully utilizes the local noise resistant property of geometric phase but also reduces the difficulty in experimental realization. Numerical results show that the implemented geometric gates have stronger robustness than dynamical gates and the geometric scheme with cyclic path. Furthermore, we propose to construct universal quantum gate on superconducting circuits, and the gate fidelity can be $99.97\%$ and $99.87\%$, respectively. Therefore, these high-fidelity quantum gates are promising for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation