International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Local drug delivery for inner ear therapy

This review of local drug delivery for inner ear therapy covers the topics of: noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL); vibration-induced hearing loss (VHL); cisplatin ototoxicity; aminoglycoside ototoxicity; and mechanical trauma-induced hearing loss that can occur during the process of cochlear implantation. The cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in the causation of the hearing losses that result from exposure to these diverse traumas to the cochlea and its auditory sensory epithelium are explored as well as the efficacy of different drug therapies in their ability to either prevent or lessen the damage to the cochlear sensory epithelium and ameliorate the level of hearing loss. This review concludes with a section that explores future strategies for unique methods of drug delivery to the cochlea (e.g. biorelease from hydrogels via the round window membrane) and the development of novel inner ear therapies (e.g. short interfering ribonucleic acids, siRNAs) to conserve hearing against trauma associated losses and/or to restore hearing (e.g. stem cell therapy) following trauma-initiated losses of hair cells and hearing