Patents and non-invasive prenatal testing: Is there cause for concern?

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Oxford University Press via the DOI in this record.Data Access Statement: Anonymised interview transcripts from participants who consented to data sharing, plus additional supporting information, are available from the UK Data Service ReSHARE archive, subject to registration, at: 10.5255/UKDA-SN-854190Intellectual property rights are key to the translation of discoveries into clinical use in personalised medicine. This article explores the interaction of intellectual property rights, specifically patents, with the field of genomic personalised medicine, through empirical work investigating the role that patents play in the development and delivery of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). Single gene testing (SGT) and NIPT represent examples of two different types of innovation likely to be important in personalised medicine, and which operate differently in terms of how the law is applied in practice. In SGT, on the one hand, previous studies demonstrate that patents have little impact on practice for those developing genetic tests in the public sector in the UK because they are largely ignored. In contrast, however, this qualitative interview study finds that law and law-in-practice in NIPT are much more convergent than found in SGT. Those involved in the development and delivery of NIPT are more aware of patents, and balance the costs and benefits of greater engagement or compliance with patent law, in relation to factors such as freedom to operate, litigation, and licensing, in favour of compliance. Compliance can take different forms; licensing is compliance, as is forbearance from using a patented invention in the absence of a patent licence. This article explores the factors relevant to patent law compliance in NIPT, and further considers the implications for the field of personalised medicine. It argues that, as the prevalent means to promote openness, access, and affordability in biomedicine are founded on the existing legal structures of intellectual property rights, such solutions will only be effective and adopted when these existing legal structures of intellectual property law are recognised and respected in the relevant field. It is therefore essential that such solutions only be deployed with a nuanced understanding of the operation of the law-in-practice.Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC

Community Nursing: Health Care Behind Closed Doors

Focus of nursing education in the 21st century is to teach students how to work with individuals & families within a community setting & to develop skills in providing nursing care that stresses community as the client. The expectation of the APHA is that BSN students will be educationally prepared to work with & improve the health of individuals, families, & diverse populations within the community.https://jdc.jefferson.edu/nursingposters/1008/thumbnail.jp

Pola Segregasi Ketahanan Populasi F2 Padi Ciherang/Swarnalata Terhadap Wereng Batang Cokelat

Brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is a serious pest of rice that significantly decreasesrice yield in Indonesia. Planting resistant varieties is an easy, inexpensive, effective, environmentally friendly, and in accordance with the concept of integrated pest management, and hence breeders continuously attempt todevelop resistant varieties to this pest. The objective of this study was to determine the resistance segregation of F2 plants derived from Ciherang/Swarnalata cross. The study was preceded by selection of candidate parents and followed by an evaluation of test method developed for individually potted and infested seedlings on artificial segregating populations.Standard seedbox mass screening technique of twelve differential and improved rice varieties consistently identified Ciherang and Swarnalata as susceptible and resistantto BPHpopulations originated from Klaten (Central Java) and Banyuwangi (East Java), respectively. Resistance evaluation of artifical F2and BC1F2progenies of Ciherang/Swarnalata crossusing individually potted and infested seedlings method could demonstrated that the segregation patterns of artificial progenies were in accordance with the mixture ratios of resistant and susceptible varieties, i.e. 3 : 1 or 1 : 3 and 1 : 1 assuming inheritance pattern of monohybrid dominant or recessive in F2 and monoybrid dominant BC1F2 populations, respectively. Resistance test of 125 F2 plants derived from Ciherang/Swarnalata cross using the developed test method showed that the plants segregated into 3 : 1 ratio for resistance and susceptible, indicating that BPH resistance in the donor parent was controlled by a single major dominant gene. The resistant F2 plants needs to be confirmed by molecular markers to ascertain the introgression of the resistance gene and tested for their resistance in advanced generation

Potter, Horatio

He was a provisional bishop at Trinity Church.https://digitalworks.union.edu/alumnifiles_1826/1044/thumbnail.jp

RETROSPEKSI PENELITIAN BUDAYA PALEOLITIK DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR DAN PROSPEKNYA DI MASA DEPAN

East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) region has a strategic role in the past, particularly as the human and fauna migration routes in East Indonesia. This research aims to recognize the potential of Palaeolithic culture in NTT which needs to be studied again, and its prospect regarding archaeological research. This research is a descriptive research using inductive approach in which the data were collected through literature study. The data were analyzed through descriptivequalitative approach. This research shows that NTT as an outmost area has Palaeolithic culture remains from Pleistocene period which has strategic roles and archaeological research prospect, particularly regarding to trace migration route of prehistoric people and their culture in the eastern Indonesia. Wilayah Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) mempunyai peran strategis dalam kehidupan masa lampau, terutama sebagai jalur migrasi manusia maupun fauna di wilayah Indonesia Timur. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi budaya Paleolitik di NTT yang perlu dikaji kembali dan prospeknya terhadap penelitian arkeologi di masa depan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan penalaran induktif yang datanya dikumpulkan melalui studi pustaka. Data dianalisis melalui pendekatan deskriptif-kualitatif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa wilayah NTT sebagai wilayah terluar memiliki tinggalan budaya Paleolitik dari kala Pleistosen yang mempunyai peran strategis dan prospek penelitian arkeologi, terutama dalam kaitannya melacak jalur migrasi manusia purba dan budayanya di wilayah Indonesia Timur.

Analisis Molekuler Dan Uji Daya Hasil Galur-galur BC2F8 Padi Pup1

Improved rice varieties at areas that have problems with the availability of phosphorus (P) is very important. Pup1 locus, thelocus containing genes that play a role in the P uptake, has been well mapped and some markers for selection have beendeveloped. Based on previous studies, BC2F8 lines have been obtained from crosses of Dodokan × Kasalath (DK), Dodokan ×NIL-C443 (DN), Situ Bagendit × Kasalath (SK), Situ Bagendit × NIL-C443 (SN), Batur × Kasalath (BK), and Batur × NIL-C443(BN). This study aimed to evaluate the BC2F8 lines at molecular level as well as their yield potential. The molecular researchwas conducted from November 2013 to June 2014 at ICABIOGRAD, Indonesia and IRRI, Philippines, whereas the field trialswere conducted at Taman Bogo Field Station, Lampung and a farmer\u27s land at Sukabumi, West Java. Molecular analysisdemonstrated that all of the BC2F8-Pup1 lines contained Pup1 locus. However, three lines (B5-SK5, B9-SN2, and C9-BN2)containing the Pup1 locus were found in heterozygotes condition. All of the Pup1 lines still retained the genome compositionof the parent, except for B7-SK7, C10-BN3, and C11-BN4. B1-SK1, B2-SK2, B3-SK3, B4-SK4, B6-SK6, B9-SN2, C4-BK4, C7-BK7,and C12-BN5 Pup1 lines have yield more than their recurrent parents (Situ Bagendit or Batur) in areas with either low orenough available P conditions. B6-SK6 dan C12-BN5 Pup1 lines have yield more than their recurrent parents and checkvarieties (Inpago 7 dan Inpago 8) in area with low available P condition. These lines could be used for multilocation trial

Kebijakan Pengembangan Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit Skala Kecil (Mini Plant)

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