163 research outputs found
Application of analytical, experimental, semiempirical and Monte Carlo methods for efficiency calibration of HPGe detectors in environmental samples gamma spectrometry
ΠΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π³Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°. Π‘ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈ
Π²Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π° Ρ
ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½
ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Ρ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π’Π°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π·Π°
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°,
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°.
Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ je ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠ°
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. Π’ΠΎ ΡΡ:
- ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΈ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ
Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π‘Π²Π΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅.
-ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π° ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ. Π£Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅
ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π΅.
-ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ (ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, EFFTRAN) ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄
Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ³Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ
ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ½Π° ΡΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°.
-ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅-ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ (ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°
PHOTON ΠΈ GEANT4) ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²Π°.
Π‘Π²Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ HPGe Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π·ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅
ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° Π·Π° Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. Π‘ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°
Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π΅
Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ 1 Π΄ΠΎ 14%, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π·Π° 3
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°
ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 1% Π΄ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 20%. ΠΠ°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅
Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅
Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·Π΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ
ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° GEANT4 ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΈΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ PHOTON ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»Π°
Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 1% Π΄ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ 20% Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ· ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅
Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠΈΡ
Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°, Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π» Π½Π°Π±Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π° Ρ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎ
Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ
ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΅ΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. TΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° PHOTON. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Ρ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠ° Π·Π° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅.
Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ.The quality of the gamma spectrometry measurements is in general directly
dependent on determining of the efficiency for the specific measurement geometry and
measured sample characteristics. Due to the fact that measured samples can be very
versatile in terms of geometry and chemical composition, the efficiency calibration is
not readily available. That is when the need for developing different efficiency
calibration methods and specific reference materials becomes obvious. Methods of
efficiency calibration may consist of measurement of certified sources and secondary
reference materials, determination of the parameters needed for efficiency calculation or
simulation of the detector system response. Besides, the measurement in contact
geometry, such is the case in measurement of environmental samples, implies the
perturbation of the spectrum via coincidence summing effect, which leads to incorrect
results of the measurement.
Several methods for efficiency calibration of the measurement system are
presented and utilized in this thesis. These are:
- Experimental method, which implies the measurement of the secondary
reference materials that are similar to the realistic samples in terms of geometry and
composition. This method produces high accuracy results but at the same time requires
long time for production of the secondary reference materials and long measurement
time. All this can be the source of large measurement uncertainty.
-Analytical method, which implies the existence of analytical dependence
between the efficiency and geometrical characteristics of the measured sample and
detector. This method is approximate, due to the fact that the integrals describing the
efficiency dependence for cylindrical geometry are very complex and their solution is
only possible by using a numerical integration. The approximations introduced in the
calculation contribute to the uncertainty of the results, but can be acceptable in case of
environmental samples.
-Semi empirical method (represented in this thesis by EFFTRAN β efficiency
transfer software) utilizes the dependence of the efficiency on the solid angle between
the sample and detector and calculates the transfer of the efficiency from the reference
calibration curve and coincidence summing corrections, accordingly.
-Monte Carlo method (represented in this thesis by software package GEANT4
and PHOTON) utilizes Monte Carlo simulation of the detector spectral response based
on known processes that lead to photon energy deposition in the medium and random
number generation.
Each of mentioned methods is applied for efficiency calibration of the HPGe
detectors readily used in the Laboratory for Radiation and Environment Protection of
the Institute for Nuclear Sciences VinΔa. As the result, detector efficiencies and
associated uncertainties are obtained. Since the measurement of the secondary reference
materials is considered to produce the most accurate results, efficiencies obtained using
other methods are compared to the experimental results in order to establish the
accordance of the results within the uncertainty limits.
The comparison determined that the efficiencies obtained using analytical
method differ from the experimental results within the range of 1 to 14%, for the 3
measurement geometries that were analyzed and that are most frequently in use for
environmental samples measurement. Results obtained by the efficiency transfer, using
point source calibration as the reference, differ from the experimental results that ranges
from less than 1% to more than 20%. The largest discrepancies are for high density
matrices and at the edges of the investigated energy span. Other results obtained by this
method are within the measurement uncertainty limits. Efficiency calibration by Monte
Carlo simulation was performed using two different software. Results obtained by using
GEANT4 software package show discrepancies from the experimental results that are
of order of magnitude of several percent, which is the consequence of detector geometry
definition. Simulation performed by PHOTON software produced satisfactory results
with the discrepancies that ranged from less than 1% up to 20%, with the remark that the
lowest energies were omitted due to unacceptably large discrepancy.
Additional criterion for comparison of different efficiency calibration methods
was testing of the accuracy by measurement of the realistic environmental samples.
These samples were measured within different interlaboratory intercomparisons, or were
acquired from certified laboratory as a secondary reference material. After
measurement, the radionuclide activities in the samples were calculated using
efficiencies obtained by different methods. By comparing the results with the activity
target values provided by the intercomparison organizer, an objective accuracy
comparison was performed and the equivalence of the results was determined. Also, the
limits of the aplicability of anaytical method and PHOTON simulation were established.
Recommendations regarding future efficiency calibrations are stated.
This thesis applies, for the first time, several principielly different approaches to
efficiency calibration of the HPGe detectors for environmental samples measurement in
cylindrical geometry
Quality control of HPGe detectors for gamma spectrometry of environmental samples
Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) is a series of procedures aimed at verifying the validity of the measurement results and are defined in the Standard ISO 17025/17. QC should be planned, described in the quality control documentation, performed in a systematic manner, recorded and reviewed. All proposed measures for QC/QA are implemented in the Radiation and Environment Protection Department of Institute for Nuclear Sciences VinΔa, Belgrade. One of these procedures prescribes a regular quality control of the instruments used for the measurement. In this paper, the quality control of three High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors, produced by Canberra, are presented. The accuracy and reproducibility of gamma spectrometry systems are verified on a weekly basis. Total background count rate is used to verify that the detector and shield has not been contaminated. Measurement of the total activity of calibration source is used to check the efficiency calibration and general operating parameters of the system such as peak shape and peak drift. These values are observed and verified if they are within the acceptance limits. For that purpose, 60Co and 133Ba point sources, produced by Czech Metrology Institute and traceable to Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), are used. The acceptance limits for each controled parameter are defined according to the statistical analysis of the previous QC period. The acceptance limits are set to be Β±2Ο and Β±3Ο of the mean value taken over a previous year. Results of the QC measurement falling between Β±2Ο are considered to be satisfactory, the ones between Β±2Ο and Β±3Ο are warning and those exceeding Β±3Ο indicate that a problem with the measurement system has occurred. Analysing the QC data acquired for 2021, we can conclude that major part of parameters were within the limits of acceptance. Occasional discrepancies were minor and were addressed immediately. Discrepancies of the peak shape were corrected simply by additional cooling of the instrument, peak position by performing an energy calibration and background was corrected by ventilating the laboratory.Twentieth Young Researchersβ Conference - Materials Science and Engineering: Program and the Book of Abstracts; November 30 β December 2, 2022, Belgrade, Serbi
Interlaboratory comparison material homogeneity testing
The homogeneity of fertilizer samples for interlaboratory gamma-ray spectrometry comparison was tested by determination of the total. count rate and the count rates for two U-238. lines, one K-40 line and one common U-235 and Ra-226 line. Homogeneity testing was accomplished by determination of the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation for each parameter and comparison of their standard deviations with predefined tolerances, by Cochrans test, and by a one-way ANOVA. The standard deviations were all less than these tolerances. All samples passed Cochrans test and the one-way ANOVA test for homogeneity
Ground Level Air Beryllium-7 and Ozone in Belgrade
Three sets of data covering the 2004-2007 period are examined: two beryllium-7 series and ozone measured in ground level air. The measuring sites are at three different locations in Belgrade, Serbia. The temporal evolution of beryllium-7 and ozone is presented, as well as their mutual correlations. Beryllium-7 data for Belgrade agree well with the results for other locations in the region. The correlation between two beryllium-7 data sets is 0.57. The results for ozone indicate that Belgrade is not a common continental site, as the maximum in ozone distribution is reached in springtime. The overall correlation between beryllium-7 and ozone is good, but varies over different seasons. A large correlation (0.67) is noted between beryllium-7 measured at the site in Vinca, Serbia, and the monthly maximum ozone in autumn. An analysis which assumes the transport of air masses from the stratosphere, along which the only process changing the air mass composition is radioactive decay of beryllium-7, does not conclusively confirm the high correlation between beryllium-7 and ozone in autumn
Seasonal variations of naturally occurring radionuclides and 137cs in the leaves of deciduous tree species at sites of background radioactivity levels
Activity concentration of natural radionuclides and 137Cs were studied in leaves of the deciduous trees. In the spring and autumn season, leaves were collected in the area of normal background radiation levels represented by city parks in a multi-year period (2002-2012). Measurements by means of gamma-ray spectrometry showed 226Ra and 210Pb seasonal accumulation in leaves, while 238U and 235U could be detected only in autumn. Difference between seasons was not found significant for 40K and 137Cs. The study of radionuclides transfer factors was conducted by analyzing its relationships with basic soil properties at the beginning and the end of the vegetation period. Β© 2019, Editura Academiei Romane. All rights reserved
Activity concentration of 210Pb in aerosol in Serbia in the period of 2014-2020 and the comparison between results from urban and rural sampling stations
Aerosol sampling and monitoring of naturally occurring and artificial radionuclides is readily performed within the frame of Environmental radioactivity monitoring in the Republic of Serbia. It provides information important for the preservation of the public health and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. This type of monitoring has been performed in Institute of Nuclear Sciences VinΔa for more than 30 years now. The radionuclides that are measured are: naturally occurring 210Pb, artificial radionuclide 137Cs and cosmogenic radionuclide 7 Be. Particle reactive radionuclides such as 210Pb and 7 Be have been used as atmospheric tracers for studying environmental processes such as cloud scavenging and precipitation [1], aerosol transit and residence times in the troposphere [2], and aerosol deposition velocities [3]. The fission product 137Cs is an indicator of anthropogenic pollution caused by nuclear weapon atmospheric tests and nuclear power plant accidents. Seasonal variation in 137Cs in air is an indicator of the stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes [4]. In most aerosol samples in later years, the activity concentration of 137Cs is below the minimal detectable activity and therefore it was not taken into the consideration in this paper. The activity concentration of 7 Be is dependent on the movements of large air masses and vertical mixing in the atmosphere and also was not discussed in this paper. In this paper, the activity concentration of 210Pb in aerosol samples, obtained over the period from 2014. to 2020., was discussed. Sampling is performed using constant air flow pumps and Whatman filter papers on 6 measuring stations distributed in various parts of the country. Three stations are in urban areas of cities of Belgrade, Vranje and ZajeΔar and other three are in rural areas (PaliΔ and Zlatibor) or removed from the urban part of the city (Meteorological station in VinΔa). The monthly composite sample from each sampling station was ashed at the temperature below 400o C. After ashing, the residue aerosol is measured on HPGe detectors using a standard gamma spectroscopy method [5]. The results for 210Pb are of the order of magnitude of 10-4 to 10-3 Bq/m3 . The activity concentration in all investigated samples shows temporal dependence with the maxima in the winter months and minima observed during the spring and summer. Also, the comparison between the results obtained from the rural and urban locations was performed in order to investigate the influence of the air pollution present in the urban areas on the activity concentration of 210Pb. The values, obtained at stations located in rural parts, ranged from (0.056 β 3.3) mBq/m3 , while for stations located in urban areas the range was from (0.125 β 2.9) mBq/m3 . It can be seen that from all the data that the activity concentration of 210Pb was lower in rural areas. Two outliers were observed at Palic station, located in the plane and along the path of the prevailing south β east wind, possibly bringing aerosols from Deliblatska pescara (Deliblato Sands) [6].IV International Conference on Atmospheric Dust : October, 4-7, 2021, Torre Cintola Conference Centre | MONOPOLI | Italy
Radionuclide content in samples of berries
After the Chernobyl accident, the presence of artificial radionuclides in foodstuff, especially in berries (blueberries, cranberries etc.), was heightened. Legislative, presented in Rulebook on Radioactivity Control of Goods During the Import, Export and Transit (Official Gazette RS, 86/19 and 90/19), establishes the mandatory gamma spectrometry measurement of berries, while the limits of radionuclide content in these products is defined in the Rulebook on Limits of radionuclide content in drinking water, foodstuff, feedstuff, medicines, items of general use, building materials and other goods placed on the market (Official Gazette RS, 36/18). At the Radiation and Environment Protection Department of the VinΔa Institute of Nuclear Sciences, measurements of the radionuclide activity in foodstuff are readily performed. In this paper, the results of the investigation of berries in the period of 2014 to 2021 are presented along with the amount of this produce that can be ingested by the various age groups without exceeding the annual effective dose limit of 0.1 mSv
Seasonal variations of naturally occurring radionuclides and 137cs in the leaves of deciduous tree species at sites of background radioactivity levels
Activity concentration of natural radionuclides and 137Cs were studied in leaves of the deciduous trees. In the spring and autumn season, leaves were collected in the area of normal background radiation levels represented by city parks in a multi-year period (2002-2012). Measurements by means of gamma-ray spectrometry showed 226Ra and 210Pb seasonal accumulation in leaves, while 238U and 235U could be detected only in autumn. Difference between seasons was not found significant for 40K and 137Cs. The study of radionuclides transfer factors was conducted by analyzing its relationships with basic soil properties at the beginning and the end of the vegetation period. Β© 2019, Editura Academiei Romane. All rights reserved
Quality control of gas flow proportional counter for beta spectrometric determination of 90Sr
In the Radiation and Environmental Protection Department, VinΔa Institute of Nuclear Sciences, the validated radiochemical analytical method for 90Sr determination in environmental samples is used. The Laboratory for Radiation Measurements within mentioned Department is accredited according to ISO/IEC 17025. The activity of 90Sr is determined indirectly, by beta counting of its daughter product 90Y, and after established radioactive equilibrium during 18 days from the moment of 90Y radiochemical separation. Beta spectrometry by gas flow proportional counter Thermo Eberline FHT 770T is used for detection of 90Sr activity in investigated samples. In order to assure the reliability of the measurement results in accordance with Standard ISO/IEC 17025:2017, quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) corresponding procedures need to be applied. For this purpose, activities ought to be planned in a systematic manner as described in the quality control documentation. The efficiency calibration of the detection system needs to be performed in a proper manner. The calibration of the detector for beta counting is performed using the Sr-90 certified radioactive standard point source (9031-OL-335/11, produced by Czech Metrology Institute) which is traceable to Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). As lowlevel measurements require strict QA/QC requests, the accuracy and reproducibility of measurement systems must be verified periodically. A regular internal quality control of the gas flow proportional counter is performed once a week. Quality control activities include the background measurement and checking of efficiency using adequate radioactive standard source. The measurement values are recorded and verified if they are within the acceptance limits. The obtained results together with acceptance limits during the period of 3 months are graphically presented in control charts. The acceptance limits are set to be Β±2Ο and Β±3Ο in relation to the calculated mean value and standard deviation. The results of QC verification within Β±2Ο are considered to be satisfactory, those within Β±3Ο are warning, while those that exceeding Β±3Ο indicate that there is a problem with the measurement system. Consequently, the analysis of causes and design, as well as the application of corrective measures is needed.Twenty-First Young Researchersβ Conference - Materials Science and Engineering: Program and the Book of Abstracts; November 29 β December 1, 2023, Belgrade, Serbi
A Multi-Year Study of Radioactivity in Surface Air and Its Relation to Climate Variables in Belgrade, Serbia
Activities of Be-7 and Pb-210 were monitored in surface air in Belgrade, Serbia, from 2004 to 2012. The measurements were taken from two locations, in an open field of a city suburb and in the central city area. The activities were determined on HPGe detectors by standard gamma spectrometry. The Be-7 activity shows a pronounced seasonal pattern, with the maximum in spring-summer and minimum in winter, while the Pb-210 activity exhibits two maxima, in autumn and late winter. The mean monthly concentrations measured at both sites are below 9 mBq/m(3) and 1.3 mBq/m(3) for Be-7 and Pb-210, respectively. The obtained correlation of the Be-7 activity with the number of sun-spots is not statistically significant. Relations of the radionuclides activities with climate variables (precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, sunshine hours, and atmospheric pressure) are also investigated, but the only significant correlations are found for the Be-7 activity with temperature and sunshine hours, and the Pb-210 activity with atmospheric pressure. The maximum Be-7 and Pb-210 activities corresponding to binned total monthly precipitation data imply different modes of the radionuclide scavenging from the atmosphere. During dry periods, accumulation of the radionuclides in the atmosphere leads to their increased activities, but no correlation was found between the activities and the number of consecutive dry days
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