Pelage Color Variations of Peromyscus Maniculatus Nebrascensis in Western Kansas

An investigation was made to determine the role of pelage color of Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis in relation to the type of soil and the vegetation the Nebraska deermouse inhabits. P.m. nebrascensis displays several different shades of pelage coloration which may afford protection from predation. Also, the pelage color of a particular species or subspecies, distinguished mainly by differences in pelage color, tends to be correlated with the color of the soils of their habitats. Two methods of securing specimens were employed. Snap trapping was done with Museum Special traps to secure specimens in various soil and vegetation types. Eight trap sites were sampled in the western one-third of Kansas, generally a mixed prairie habitat. The trap areas were selected in relation to the type of soil and vegetation. The composition of the soil was described from Soil Conservation Service maps of the various areas. The vegetative composition of the areas was ascertained by estimating the frequency and abundance of forbs and grasses present. Each animal collected was weighed, measured, sexed, and the pelage color described. Three skins, from a collection representative of western Kansas, were selected as type colors. The lightest was marked number one, the darkest number three and the intermediate was marked number two. Specimens taken were given a number between one minus and three plus by visual comparison with the selected series. Live traps were used to secure specimens for the breeding study. A breeding program was organized to determine how pelage color of parents was transmitted to the offspring. The number of breedings completed was limited by available time; and no useful data was obtained. Data were also used from established trap line located in the college relict area. Animals caught were recorded in relation to color and released. Seventy-eight P. maniculatus were caught in a seven month period, with the same individual being captured more than once in some instances. Data gathered from the investigation may be found in Tables I through V. The characteristics of P. m. nebrascensis as well as other subspecies of Peromyscus, have a genetic basis, as shown by lack of modifiability even when the habitat is changed. The comparative frequencies of the Mendelian genes for pelage color should afford some measure of the intensity of selection against Peromyscus that are conspicuous on their backgrounds. Natural selection by predators is an important factor in the evolution of pelage color in Peromyscus. The pelage color of Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis in western Kansas showed no significant relationship between pelage color and the type of vegetation in which the trapped specimens lived. The distribution of pelage color did not differ from the distribution of total population in the three vegetative types. The pelage color of P. m. nebrascensis showed a direct relationship to soil color only in the light colored soil. There was only a slight tendency toward a relationship between pelage color and the medium to dark soils. In further investigations of pelage color of P. m. nebrascensis, the author would suggest that a more detailed and extensive study would yield valuable information

Agricultural research management

Incluye BibliografíaExamina algunos aspectos del manejo de una institucion de investigacion agricola y de la investigacion que realiza ya que ambas poseen caracteristicas especiales y areas de trabajo que los diferencian de un instituto de investigacion cientifica en general

Strategic programming on graph rewriting systems

We describe a strategy language to control the application of graph rewriting rules, and show how this language can be used to write high-level declarative programs in several application areas. This language is part of a graph-based programming tool built within the port-graph transformation and visualisation environment PORGY.Comment: In Proceedings IWS 2010, arXiv:1012.533

Auchenorrhyncha collected in the Canavese district (Northwest Italy): (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha)

Die Ergebnisse von Zikaden-Sammelexkursionen im Distrikt Canavese (Italien, Piemont) werden präsentiert, die im Rahmen des 14. Auchenorrhyncha-Tagung (07.-09. – 09.09.2007) und des 4. Europäischen Hemipteren-Kongresses (10.09. – 14.09.2007) in Ivrea durchgeführt wurden. Zwei neue Arten für Italien und zahlreiche neue Zikadenarten für Piemont wurden festgestellt.The results of Auchenorrhyncha collection excursions in the Canavese district (Italy, Piedmont) are presented, that were held during the 14th Central European Auchenorrhyncha Meeting (07.09. – 09.09.2007) and the 4th European Hemiptera Congress (10.09.–14.09.2007) in Ivrea are given. Two new species for Italy, and several new species for Piedmont were found

Association of inappropriate outpatient pediatric antibiotic prescriptions with adverse drug events and health care expenditures

Importance: Nonguideline antibiotic prescribing for the treatment of pediatric infections is common, but the consequences of inappropriate antibiotics are not well described. Objective: To evaluate the comparative safety and health care expenditures of inappropriate vs appropriate oral antibiotic prescriptions for common outpatient pediatric infections. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included children aged 6 months to 17 years diagnosed with a bacterial infection (suppurative otitis media [OM], pharyngitis, sinusitis) or viral infection (influenza, viral upper respiratory infection [URI], bronchiolitis, bronchitis, nonsuppurative OM) as an outpatient from April 1, 2016, to September 30, 2018, in the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database. Data were analyzed from August to November 2021. Exposures: Inappropriate (ie, non-guideline-recommended) vs appropriate (ie, guideline-recommended) oral antibiotic agents dispensed from an outpatient pharmacy on the date of infection. Main Outcomes and Measures: Propensity score-weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the association between inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions and adverse drug events. Two-part models were used to calculate 30-day all-cause attributable health care expenditures by infection type. National-level annual attributable expenditures were calculated by scaling attributable expenditures in the study cohort to the national employer-sponsored insurance population. Results: The cohort included 2 804 245 eligible children (52% male; median [IQR] age, 8 [4-12] years). Overall, 31% to 36% received inappropriate antibiotics for bacterial infections and 4% to 70% for viral infections. Inappropriate antibiotics were associated with increased risk of several adverse drug events, including Clostridioides difficile infection and severe allergic reaction among children treated with a nonrecommended antibiotic agent for a bacterial infection (among patients with suppurative OM, C. difficile infection: HR, 6.23; 95% CI, 2.24-17.32; allergic reaction: HR, 4.14; 95% CI, 2.48-6.92). Thirty-day attributable health care expenditures were generally higher among children who received inappropriate antibiotics, ranging from $21 to$56 for bacterial infections and from -$96 to$97 for viral infections. National annual attributable expenditure estimates were highest for suppurative OM ($25.3 million), pharyngitis ($21.3 million), and viral URI ($19.1 million). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of children with common infections treated in an outpatient setting, inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions were common and associated with increased risks of adverse drug events and higher attributable health care expenditures. These findings highlight the individual- and national-level consequences of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and further support implementation of outpatient antibiotic stewardship programs

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: A time-series analysis

OBJECTIVE: To use interrupted time-series analyses to investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). We hypothesized that the pandemic would be associated with higher rates of HAIs after adjustment for confounders. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study of HAIs in 3 hospitals in Missouri from January 1, 2017, through August 31, 2020, using interrupted time-series analysis with 2 counterfactual scenarios. SETTING: The study was conducted at 1 large quaternary-care referral hospital and 2 community hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: All adults ≥18 years of age hospitalized at a study hospital for ≥48 hours were included in the study. RESULTS: In total, 254,792 admissions for ≥48 hours occurred during the study period. The average age of these patients was 57.6 (±19.0) years, and 141,107 (55.6%) were female. At hospital 1, 78 CLABSIs, 33 CAUTIs, and 88 VAEs were documented during the pandemic period. Hospital 2 had 13 CLABSIs, 6 CAUTIs, and 17 VAEs. Hospital 3 recorded 11 CLABSIs, 8 CAUTIs, and 11 VAEs. Point estimates for hypothetical excess HAIs suggested an increase in all infection types across facilities, except for CLABSIs and CAUTIs at hospital 1 under the no pandemic scenario. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 era was associated with increases in CLABSIs, CAUTIs, and VAEs at 3 hospitals in Missouri, with variations in significance by hospital and infection type. Continued vigilance in maintaining optimal infection prevention practices to minimize HAIs is warranted

Optical properties of quantum wires: Disorder-scattering in the Lloyd-model

The Lloyd model is extended to the exciton problem in quasi one-dimensional structures to study the interplay between the Coulomb attraction and disorder scattering. Within this model the averaging and resummation of the locator series can be performed analytically. As an application, the optical absorption in quantum box wires is investigated. Without electron-hole interaction, fluctuations in the well-width lead to an asymmetric broadening of the minibands with respect to the lower and upper band-edges.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Tourist Photographers and the Promotion of Travel: the Polytechnic Touring Association, 1888–1939

The Polytechnic Touring Association (PTA) was a London-based, originally philanthropic turned commercial travel firm whose historical origins coincided with the arrival of the Kodak camera in 1888 – thus, of popular (tourist) photography. This article examines the PTA’s changing relationship with tourist photographers, and how this influenced the company’s understanding of what role photography could play in promoting the tours, in the late nineteenth and early twenty century. This inquiry is advanced on the basis of the observation that, during this time, the PTA’s passage from viewing tourists as citizens to educate, to customers to please, paralleled the move from using photography-based images to mixed media. Such a development was certainly a response to unprecedented market demands; this article argues that it should also be considered in relation to the widening of photographic perceptions engendered by the democratization of the medium, to which the PTA responded, first as educator, then as service provider. In doing so, the article raises several questions about the shifting relationship between “high”, or established, and “low”, or emerging, forms of culture, as mass photography and the mass marketing of tourism developed

Impact of the diagnostic label for a low-risk prostate lesion: protocol for two online factorial randomised experiments

INTRODUCTION: Many types of prostate cancer present minimal risk to a man's lifespan or well-being, but existing terminology makes it difficult for men to distinguish these from high-risk prostate cancers. This study aims to explore whether using an alternative label for low-risk prostate cancer influences management choice and anxiety levels among Australian men and their partners.METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will run two separate studies for Australian men and Australian women with a male partner. Both studies are between-subjects factorial (3×2) randomised online hypothetical experiments. Following consent, eligible participants will be randomised 1:1:1 to three labels: 'low-risk prostate cancer, Gleason Group 1', 'low-risk prostate neoplasm' or 'low-risk prostate lesion'. Participants will then undergo a second randomisation step with 1:1 allocation to the provision of detailed information on the benefits and harms of different management choices versus the provision of less detailed information about management choices. The required sample sizes are 1290 men and 1410 women. The primary outcome is the participant choice of their preferred management strategy: no immediate treatment (prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based monitoring or active surveillance using PSA, MRI, biopsy with delayed treatment for disease progression) versus immediate treatment (prostatectomy or radiation therapy). Secondary outcomes include preferred management choice (from the four options listed above), diagnosis anxiety, management choice anxiety and management choice at a later time point (for participants who initially choose a monitoring strategy).ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval has been received from The University of Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee (2023/572). The results of the study will be published in a peer-reviewed medical journal and a plain language summary of the findings will be shared on the Wiser Healthcare publications page http://www.wiserhealthcare.org.au/category/publications/ TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ID 386701 and 386889).</p

Different paths to the modern state in Europe: the interaction between domestic political economy and interstate competition

Theoretical work on state formation and capacity has focused mostly on early modern Europe and on the experience of western European states during this period. While a number of European states monopolized domestic tax collection and achieved gains in state capacity during the early modern era, for others revenues stagnated or even declined, and these variations motivated alternative hypotheses for determinants of fiscal and state capacity. In this study we test the basic hypotheses in the existing literature making use of the large date set we have compiled for all of the leading states across the continent. We find strong empirical support for two prevailing threads in the literature, arguing respectively that interstate wars and changes in economic structure towards an urbanized economy had positive fiscal impact. Regarding the main point of contention in the theoretical literature, whether it was representative or authoritarian political regimes that facilitated the gains in fiscal capacity, we do not find conclusive evidence that one performed better than the other. Instead, the empirical evidence we have gathered lends supports to the hypothesis that when under pressure of war, the fiscal performance of representative regimes was better in the more urbanized-commercial economies and the fiscal performance of authoritarian regimes was better in rural-agrarian economie