Maintenance of Visual Sensitivity in the \u3cem\u3eDrosophila\u3c/em\u3e Eye: A Dissertation

High visual sensitivity is a common but important characteristic of animal eyes. It is especially critical for night vision. In animal eyes, photoreceptors are the first to receive the incoming rays of light and they convert the light signals to electrical signals before passing the information to interneurons in the eye and finally to the brain. To function in dim light conditions, photoreceptors have developed high sensitivities to light. It is reported that both mammalian rod photoreceptors and Drosophilaphotoreceptors can detect single photons. The high sensitivities of photoreceptors largely depend on a high content of rhodopsin, a light-stimulated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in light sensory organelles, outer segments in mammals and rhabdomeres in Drosophila. Two shared characteristics, the tightly packed photoreceptive membrane and the high concentration of rhodopsin in the membrane, work together to enable the photoreceptors to achieve the high content of rhodopsin in photosensory organelles in both mammals and Drosophila. In this thesis, I have used the Drosophilaeye as a model system to study the molecular mechanisms required for the maintenance of these two characteristics. In the second chapter, I present a new molecular mechanism of preventing Gq-mediated rhabdomeral degeneration. A new gene named tadr (for torn and diminished rhabdomeres), when mutated, leads to visual sensitivity reduction and photoreceptor degeneration. Degeneration in the tadr mutant is characterized by shrunken and disrupted rhabdomeres. The TADR protein interacts in vitro with the major light receptor Rh1 rhodopsin, and genetic reduction of the Rh1 level suppresses the tadr-induced degeneration, suggesting the degeneration is Rh1-dependent. Nonetheless, removal of phospholipase C (PLC), a key enzyme in phototransduction, and that of Arr2 fail to inhibit rhabdomeral degeneration in the tadr mutant background. Biochemical analyses reveal that, in the tadr mutant, the Gq protein of Rh1 is defective in dissociation from the membrane during light stimulation. Importantly, reduction of Gq level by introducing a hypomorphic allele of Gαq gene greatly inhibits the tadr degeneration phenotype. These results may suggest that loss of a potential TADR-Rh1 interaction leads to an abnormality in the Gqsignaling, which in turn triggers rhabdomeral degeneration independent of the PLC phototransduction cascade. We propose that TADR-like proteins may also protect photoreceptors from degeneration in mammals including humans. In the third chapter, I present a Drosophila CUB- and LDLa-domain transmembrane protein CULD that counteracts the visual arrestin Arr1-mediated endocytosis to retain rhodopsin in rhabdomeral membrane. CULD is mostly localized in rhabdomeres, but is also detected in scarce rhodopsin endocytic vesicles that contain Arr1. An intracellular region of CULD interacts with Arr1 in vitro. In both culdmutant and knockdown flies, a large amount of rhodopsin is mislocalized in the cell body of photoreceptors through lightdependent, Arr1-mediated endocytosis, leading to reduction of photoreceptor sensitivity. Expressing a wild-type CULD protein in photoreceptors, but not a mutant variant lacking the Arr1-interacting site, rescues both the rhodopsin mislocalization and the low sensitivity phenotypes. Once rhodopsin has been internalized in adult mutant flies, it is reversed only by expression of CULD but not by blocking endocytosis, suggesting that CULD promotes recycling of endocytosed rhodopsin to the rhabdomere. Our results demonstrate an important role of CULD in the maintenance of membrane rhodopsin density and photoreceptor sensitivity. We propose that a common cellular function of CUB- and LDLa-domain proteins, in both mammals and invertebrates, is to concentrate receptors including GPCRs in particular regions of cell membrane. In summary, the work addressed in this thesis has identified new molecular mechavii nisms underlying the maintenance of visual sensitivity in Drosophila, either through preventing Gq-mediated rhabdomeral degeneration or through antagonizing arrestin-mediated rhodopsin endocytosis. This work has advanced our understanding of visual biology and the general regulatory mechanisms of GPCR signaling, and may provide valuable clues to pathologic studies of human retinal degeneration disorders

Kontribusi Kekuatan Otot Tungkai dan Kelentukan Tubuh (Punggung) terhadap Ketepatan Shooting pada Permainan Sepak Bola Ssb Tunas Inti Siak

The problem from this observation to determine the contribution of leg muscle strength and body flexibility with precision shooting in the game of football SSB Tunas Inti Siak.The population in this research is SSB Tunas Inti Siak soccer totaling 18 people by using the technique of total side where all the population sampled, to obtain research data used leg dynamometer test, body flexibility with Bridge-ups and shooting accuracy. Data were analyzed by simple and multiple product moment.Testing normality of the variables X1, L0maks rtable or 0.484 > 0.482, analysis of data obtained r2 of 0.485, which rresult> rtable or 0.485 > 0.482, further analysis of the data obtained correlation R= 0.562 where rresult > rtable or 0.562 > 0.482. Data thus significantly with the level of relationship that is strong enough.Based on the analysis of the data found that the results obtained from leg muscle strength contributes to the accuracy of shooting in the game of football SSB Tunas Inti Siak.From the results obtained have contributed to the flexibility of the body in the accuracy shooting game soccer SSB Tunas Inti Siak. There contributed jointly between leg muscle strength and body flexibility as to the accuracy of Shooting in the game of football SSB Tunas Inti Siak

Analisis Kontrastif Unsur Gramatikal Iklan Mobil Di Jepang Dan Iklan Mobil Di Indonesia Pada Media Televisi

The author chooses this title because both of the car advertisement eitherIndonesia or Japan version are equally a product of Toyota, but have different wayin delivery. The writer wants to know the message contained in the advertisementof Japan and Indonesia versions.The methods that used in this thesis are descriptive and contrastive. First, thewriter collected the data from youtube to listen the advertisement conversation andthen record the text. The writer uses contrastive analysis to analyze Indonesia andJapan advertisement. After that the writer comes into the presentation of results.The grammatical elements contained in Japan and Indonesia advertisement are thesame which both of them have the reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.Both of the advertisement have different message, the message of Japanadvertisement is the Japanese people should drive a car again of course usingToyota product. Meanwhile, the Indonesia advertisement shows how great andcomfort using car from Toyota product

The Importance of Quality of Work Life on Teacher Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Consequences of Leader-Member Exchange and Organizational Commitment

Abstract: The Importance of Quality of Work-Life on Teacher Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Consequences of Leader-Member Exchange and Organizational Commitment. Objective: The study’s major goal was to look at the quality of work life, leader member exchange, and organizational commitment to organizational citizenship behavior of private high school instructors in Pematangsiantar City. Methods: This study employs a quantitative research strategy. Multiple regression testing, hypothesis testing using simultaneous and partial approaches, and correlation testing with the coefficient of determination are all used in data analysis. Findings: The results of this research explain that quality of work life, leader member exchange, and organizational commitment have a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior. Conclusion: The findings of this study confirm the quality of work life and leader member exchange for schools is to attract and maintain the work spirit of teachers. Furthermore, there is a strong organizational commitment within the individual, causing teacher OCB to run optimally. Keywords: quality of work-life,leader-member exchange, organizational commitment. Abstrak: Pentingnya Quality of Work-Life terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Guru: Konsekuensi Leader-Member Exchange dan Komitmen Organisasional. Objective: Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis quality of work life, leader member exchange, dan organizational commitment terhadap organizational citizenship behaviour guru SMA Swasta di Kota Pematangsiantar. Methods: Riset ini menggunakan rancang penelitian dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Analisis data menggunakan uji regresi berganda, pengujian hipotesis dengan metode simultan dan parsial serta uji korelasi dengan koefisien determinasi. Findings: Hasil dari riset ini menjelaskan quality of work life, leader member exchange, dan organizational commitment berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap organizational citizenship behaviour. Conclusion: Temuan penelitian ini mengkonfirmasi quality of work life dan leader member exchange bagi sekolah adalah untuk menarik dan mempertahankan semangat kerja para guru. Lebih lanjut, adanya komitmen organisasi yang kuat dalam diri individu, menyebabkan OCB guru dapat berjalan dengan maksimal. Kata kunci: quality of work-life, leader-member exchange, komitmen organisasional. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v12.i3.20220

Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan dalam Layanan Home Care Terhadap Pengetahuan dan Sikap Ibu Hamil Trimester II dan III Tentang Senam Hamil di UPTD Puskesmas Ubung Tahun 2021

Background: The threat of maternal death is still a major problem in developing countries, including Indonesia. One of the scopes in controlling MMR in Indonesia is to improveservices antenatal care. Health services that are home visits (Home Care) by health workers can provide education and a deeper understanding of treatment. Objective: To determine the effect of health education inservices home care on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women about pregnancy exercise. Method: This study was astudy quasi-experimental using the Nonequivalent Control Group Design. This research was conducted from June to July 2021. The population in this study were all pregnant women who were in the working area of ​​the UPTD Puskesmas Ubung, totaling 121 pregnant women. The sample with the number of pregnant women in the second and third trimesters who are in the working area of ​​the UPTD Puskesmas Ubung 33 pregnant women. Data analysis using Paired Samples Test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: The average score of knowledge of pregnant women about pregnancy exercise in the intervention group before being given health education was 67.33±13.74, while the average score of knowledge of pregnant women about pregnancy exercise after being given health education was 86.00±10.72. The results of this study indicate the effect of health education in home care services on changes in knowledge with a value (P = 0.000). The average score of pregnant women's attitudes about pregnancy exercise in the intervention group before being given health education was 57.00±18.61, while the average score of pregnant women's attitudes about pregnancy exercise after being given health education was 73.66±15.17. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of health education in home care services on changes in attitudes with a value of (P = 0.002). Conclusion: There is an effect of health education inservices home care on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women trimester II and III about pregnancy exercise. &nbsp

Mutation of a TADR protein leads to rhodopsin and Gq-dependent retinal degeneration in Drosophila

The Drosophila photoreceptor is a model system for genetic study of retinal degeneration. Many gene mutations cause fly photoreceptor degeneration, either because of excessive stimulation of the visual transduction (phototransduction) cascade, or through apoptotic pathways that in many cases involve a visual arrestin Arr2. Here we report a gene named tadr (for torn and diminished rhabdomeres), which, when mutated, leads to photoreceptor degeneration through a different mechanism. Degeneration in the tadr mutant is characterized by shrunk and disrupted rhabdomeres, the light sensory organelles of photoreceptor. The TADR protein interacted in vitro with the major light receptor Rh1 rhodopsin, and genetic reduction of the Rh1 level suppressed the tadr mutation-caused degeneration, suggesting the degeneration is Rh1-dependent. Nonetheless, removal of phospholipase C (PLC), a key enzyme in phototransduction, and that of Arr2 failed to inhibit rhabdomeral degeneration in the tadr mutant background. Biochemical analyses revealed that, in the tadr mutant, the G(q) protein of Rh1 is defective in dissociation from the membrane during light stimulation. Importantly, reduction of G(q) level by introducing a hypomorphic allele of G(alphaq) gene greatly inhibited the tadr degeneration phenotype. These results may suggest that loss of a potential TADR-Rh1 interaction leads to an abnormality in the G(q) signaling, which in turn triggers rhabdomeral degeneration independent of the PLC phototransduction cascade. We propose that TADR-like proteins may also protect photoreceptors from degeneration in mammals including humans

Pendampingan Pencantuman Informasi Nilai Gizi pada Packaging Madu Trigona Peternak Lebah dalam Meningkatkan Penjualan

Bengkaung Village is a village in the Batulayar District, West Lombok Regency, NTB Province. The great potential of trigona honey bee cultivation in Bengkaung Village can be further developed and supported by the abundant availability of bee feed. Cultivation of Trigona honey bees produces genuine honey which is efficacious for health. Trigona honey bee cultivation is one of the entrepreneurs that can be introduced to the wider community, so that it can increase income. Bengkaung Village is one of the villages that produces honey with good quality, it's just that there is a problem that does not include nutritional value information on the packaging. This is because the packaging design and the inclusion of labeling nutriton fact have an influence on potential buyers to purchase the product. This activity aims to increase knowledge about the function of food labels and how to include information on food labels in accordance with laws and regulations, so partners are expected to be able to understand what information must be included at a minimum and what information is prohibited from being included on food labels so that partners make designs. Food labels that are not only attractive but also in accordance with statutory regulations. This is a solution related to solving problems in Bengkaung Village, especially for Trigona Beekeepers. With the dissemination of packaging design by including information on nutritional value for Trigona honey packaging products, beekeepers get an increase in sale

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Penentu Employee Engagement pada PT. ABC Bandung

ABSTRAK Employee engagement merupakan wujud loyalitas karyawan terhadap perusahaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di PT. ABC Bandung. Terdapat indikasi bahwa adanya tingkat employee engagement yang tinggi pada karyawan PT. ABC Bandung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penentu employee engagement karyawan di PT. ABC Bandung. Faktor-faktor employee engagement pada penelitian ini merujuk pada hasil penelitian yang dikemukakan oleh Anitha (2014) dengan landasan teori dari Elliott dan Corey (2018:13). Pada penelitian Anitha (2014) terdapat tujuh faktor yang terdiri dari lingkungan kerja, kepemimpinan, hubungan tim dan rekan kerja, pelatihan dan pengembangan karir, kompensasi, kebijakan organisasi, dan kesejahteraan di tempat kerja. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif dan analisis faktor. Responden penelitian berjumlah 83 karyawan di PT. ABC Bandung dengan pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik Simple Random Sampling dan teknik analisisnya menggunakan metode analisis faktor dengan bantuan SPSS Versi 25. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat employee engagement pada karyawan di PT. ABC Bandung sebesar 71,05%, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat employee engagemen di PT. ABC Bandung dalam kategori tinggi. Penelitian ini menghasilkan satu faktor baru yaitu Faktor Keterlibatan Karyawan dengan variabel kontribusi terbesarnya adalah lingkungan kerja. Kata kunci: Analisis Faktor, Employee Engagement , Hubungan Tim dan Rekan, Kerja Lingkungan Kerj

Edukasi PHBS dalam Upaya Peningkatan Derajat Kesehatan Masyarakat di Tatanan Rumah Tangga

Clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS) in the household is one of the government's programs to improve people's welfare. PHBS indicators in homes include using clean water, washing hands with soap and clean water, and using healthy latrines. Lack of knowledge and public awareness of the importance of PHBS and inadequate health support facilities and infrastructure can be a factor causing high rates of morbidity and mortality due to a disease. One of the means of supporting public health is the availability of water sources. The decrease in river water discharge in Lembah Sari Village can affect sanitation related to PHBS in the community. We have conducted PHBS counseling activities in Lembah Sari Village using PowerPoint media, posters, and teaching aids. It was an effort to help people know, want, and practice PHBS. After receiving counseling, the community became more aware of PHBS. The community seemed enthusiastic and participated in practicing washing hands with soap as an indicator of PHBS. This activity is expected to be applied by the community daily