HUMAN ISSUES IN KARL MARX’S ECONOMIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL MANUSCRIPTS OF 1844

Man is both a product of history and a creator of himself. Human activity is free and conscious. Social communication is the communication of human reality. Human life is labor and labor itself is the need, the purpose of life. Labor performs the attributes, values and qualities of people and asserts themselves to the rhythm and intensity of society. All human values are derived from labor and the negative, limited, social conflicts are caused by the alienation of labor. Labor alienation causes non-human forces to dominate everything. Overcoming that alienation must be perception, mastering itself through a very difficult and lasting process in reality, namely, communism.  Article visualizations

One Mandarin Benefits the Whole Clan: Hometown Infrastructure and Nepotism in an Autocracy

This paper studies nepotism by government officials in an authoritarian regime. We collect a unique dataset of political promotions of officials in Vietnam and estimate their impact on public infrastructure in their hometowns. We find strong positive effects on several outcomes, some with lags, including roads to villages, marketplaces, clean water access, preschools, irrigation, and local radio broadcasters, as well as the hometown’s propensity to benefit from the State’s “poor commune support program”. Nepotism is not limited to only top-level officials, pervasive even among those without direct authority over hometown budgets, stronger when the hometown chairperson’s and promoted official’s ages are closer, and where provincial leadership has more discretionary power in shaping policies, suggesting that nepotism works through informal channels based on specific political power and environment. Contrary to pork barrel politics in democratic parliaments, members of the Vietnamese legislative body have little influence on infrastructure investments for their hometowns. Given the top-down nature of political promotions, officials arguably do not help their tiny communes in exchange for political support. Consistent with that, officials favor only their home commune and ignore their home district, which could offer larger political support. These findings suggest that nepotism is motivated by officials’ social preferences directed towards their related circles, and signals an additional form of corruption that may prevail in developing countries with low transparency.nepotism, infrastructure construction, official’s hometown, political connection,political promotion, social preference, directed altruism

Research on Digital Marketing for Play Nutrition's Nutrition Bar

In the 4.0 context, Digital Marketing becomes suitable for all businesses, from small to medium to large, helping businesses reduce costs, increase the effectiveness of communication tools, and align with today's digital transformation context. The study examines the degree of application of Digital Marketing tools for the Play Nutrition bar. The results show that “Content Marketing” has the highest frequency of appearance, attractiveness, and influence. Along with “Content Marketing”, “Video Marketing” also has the strongest impact. Based on the theoretical study of Digital Marketing, combined with survey results and orientation toward the use of Digital Marketing tools in the future for Play Nutrition bars, the research team proposes some recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of using Digital Marketing tools for Play Nutrition bars

One Mandarin benefits the whole clan: hometown favoritism in an authoritarian regime

We study patronage politics in authoritarian Vietnam, using an exhaustive panel of ranking officials from 2000 to 2010 to estimate their promotions’ impact on infrastructure in their hometowns of patrilineal ancestry. Native officials’ promotions lead to a broad range of hometown infrastructure improvement. Hometown favoritism is pervasive across all ranks, even among officials without budget authority, except among elected legislators. Favors are narrowly targeted toward small communes that have no political power, and are strengthened with bad local governance and strong local family values. The evidence suggests a likely motive of social preferences for hometown