Different photolysis kinetics at the surface of frozen freshwater vs. frozen salt solutions

Reactions at air-ice interfaces can proceed at very different rates than those in aqueous solution, due to the unique disordered region at the ice surface known as the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) . The physical and chemical nature of the surfacial region of ice is greatly affected by solutes such as sodium halide salts. In this work, we studied the effects of sodium chloride and sodium bromide on the photolysis kinetics of harmine, an aromatic organic compound, in aqueous solution and at the surface of frozen salt solutions above the eutectic temperature. In common with other aromatic organic compounds we have studied, harmine photolysis is much faster on ice surfaces than in aqueous solution, but the presence of NaCl or NaBr – which does not affect photolysis kinetics in solution – reduces the photolysis rate on ice. The rate decreases monotonically with increasing salt concentration; at the concentrations found in seawater, harmine photolysis at the surface of frozen salt solutions proceeds at the same rate as in aqueous solution. These results suggest that the brine excluded to the surfaces of frozen salt solutions is a true aqueous solution, and so it may be possible to use aqueous-phase kinetics to predict photolysis rates at sea ice surfaces. This is in marked contrast to the result at the surface of frozen freshwater samples, where reaction kinetics are often not well-described by aqueous-phase processes

Different photolysis kinetics at the surface of frozen freshwater vs. frozen salt solutions

Reactions at air-ice interfaces can proceed at very different rates than those in aqueous solution, due to the unique disordered region at the ice surface known as the quasi-liquid layer (QLL). The physical and chemical nature of the surfacial region of ice is greatly affected by solutes such as sodium halide salts. In this work, we studied the effects of sodium chloride and sodium bromide on the photolysis kinetics of harmine, an aromatic organic compound, in aqueous solution and at the surface of frozen salt solutions above the eutectic temperature. In common with other aromatic organic compounds we have studied, harmine photolysis is much faster on ice surfaces than in aqueous solution, but the presence of NaCl or NaBr - which does not affect photolysis kinetics in solution - reduces the photolysis rate on ice. The rate decreases monotonically with increasing salt concentration; at the concentrations found in seawater, harmine photolysis at the surface of frozen salt solutions proceeds at the same rate as in aqueous solution. These results suggest that the brine excluded to the surfaces of frozen salt solutions is a true aqueous solution, and so it may be possible to use aqueous-phase kinetics to predict photolysis rates at sea ice surfaces. This is in marked contrast to the result at the surface of frozen freshwater samples, where reaction kinetics are often not well-described by aqueous-phase processes

Measurements of the equilibrium size of supersaturated aqueous sodium chloride droplets at low relative humidity using aerosol optical tweezers and an electrodynamic balance

An approach for examining the hygroscopicity of single aerosol particles over a broad range in relative humidity (RH) using aerosol optical tweezers is presented and compared with measurements made using an electrodynamic balance. In particular, benchmark measurements on aqueous sodium chloride aerosol are presented over the RH range 45-75% (293 K), a RH range that had not previously been explored with aerosol optical tweezers. Measurements of the variation in equilibrium wet droplet size with RH are made using cavity-enhanced Raman scattering, with an accuracy of 1 nm in the determination of the wet particle radius. The full range of optical tweezers experimental measurements (including previous dual trapping comparative studies approaching a saturation relative humidity of 100%) are compared with determinations using other experimental techniques and with a range of model treatments. An assessment of the models and all experimental data for estimating the equilibrium size of a sodium, chloride droplet suggests that the size can be predicted with an accuracy of better than 0.1% over the RH range 48-100%. Discrepancies between different measurements lead to an increase in uncertainty above 1% below an RH of 48% as efflorescence is approached. The optical tweezers' measurements of equilibrium size consistently agree with model predictions to within an error of 1%

Initial Reaction Probability and Dynamics of Ozone Collisions with a Vinyl-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer

The gas-surface reaction dynamics of ozone with a model unsaturated organic surface have been explored through a series of molecular beam scattering experiments. Well-characterized organic surfaces were reproducibly created by adsorption of C=C-terminated long-chain alkanethiols onto gold, while the incident molecular beams were created by supersonic expansion of ozone seeded in an inert carrier gas to afford control over collision energy. Time-of-flight distributions for the scattered molecules showed near complete thermal accommodation of ozone for incident energies as high as 70 kJ/mol. Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, performed in situ with ozone exposure, revealed that oxidation of the double bond depends significantly on the translational energy of O 3. For energies near room temperature, 5 kJ/mol, the initial reaction probability (γ 0) for the formation of the primary ozonide was determined to be γ 0 = 1.1 × 10 -5. As translational energy increased to 20 kJ/mol, the reaction probability decreased. This behavior, along with a strong inverse relationship between γ 0 and surface temperature, demonstrates that the room-temperature reaction follows the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, requiring accommodation prior to reaction under nearly all atmospherically relevant conditions. However, measurements show that the dynamics transition to a direct reaction (analogous to the Eley-Rideal mechanism) for elevated translational energies. © 2011 American Chemical Society