Non-invasive approach for assessing the functional condition of high-level sportsmen

Background. Non-invasive methods of express diagnostics using a hardware–software complex are of great value. The majority of such complexes are based on the analysis of heart rate variability and do not estimate functional and resource states of other systems, which are involved in the adaptation process. Aim. The goal of this study was to estimate the functional and resource state of main body systems under heavy loads of high-level sportsmen using the hardware–software complex ROFES. Methods. Twelve high-level athlete-swimmers were included in the study: six girls (13–25 years) and six young men (16–21 years). Medical and pedagogical control of the functional and resource condition of the athletes was carried out in two mesocycles (precompetitive and competitive) of one-year training and a competition stage. The common health level and the functional and resource state of body systems and organs were determined by the hardware–software complex ROFES on a five-point scale. Results. Indices of functional and resource states of organs and organ systems as well as common health level were conformed to the normal level (4–5 points). Statistically significant differences in functional and resource parameters for 12 organs and organ systems were detected. The functional state of the cardiovascular system, lungs, and liver made it possible to differentiate athletes who improved the result. In the group of athletes without improving the result in competitions, the functional state of the liver was estimated at 5 points (m/Me), and the resource state on average was 4.5 (m/Me), unlike the improved-result athletes with scores of 4.59/5 and 4.07/4.0, respectively. Conclusion. Indicators of the resource status of organs and systems can be used as criteria for monitoring and predicting changes of organ system conditions at the pre-nosological level. The same indicators can be considered as criteria of overwork and recovery of the athlete. They are especially important for diagnosing overtraining syndrome. © JPES

Self-similarity of rogue wave generation in gyrotrons: Beyond the Peregrine breather

Within the framework of numerical simulations, we study the gyrotron dynamics under conditions of a significant excess of the operating current over the starting value, when the generation of electromagnetic pulses with anomalously large amplitudes ("rogue waves") are realized. We demonstrate that the relation between peak power and duration of rogue waves is self-similar, but does not reproduce the one characteristic for Peregrine breathers. Remarkably, the discovered self-similar relation corresponds to the exponential nonlinearity of an equivalent Schr\"odinger-like evolution equation. This interpretation can be used as a theoretical basis for explaining the giant amplitudes of gyrotron rogue waves

«Сепсис-3»: новая редакция - старые проблемы. Анализ с позиции общей патологии

Sepsis-3 Guidelines defines sepsis as an organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection. To record organ dysfunction, the SOFA/quick SOFA scales were recommended. In fact, in medical practice, sepsis is considered nothing more than a critical infection that requires intensive care. Therefore, sepsis is pathogenetically a non-homogeneous condition manifested by diverse nosologies and syndromes. Unlike the previous two editions, Sepsis-1 and Sepsis-2 Guidelines, the formal criteria provided in the Sepsis-3 are closer to the de facto position, describe more specific, but less sensitive features to predict mortality. However, the initial, latent manifestations of critical conditions, which can be relatively effectively controlled by intensive therapy, remain outside the Sepsis-3 criteria. Not all signs of multiple organ dysfunctions (according to the Sepsis-3 criteria) will require intensive care. Hence, obviously the presence or absence of formal criteria of Sepsis-3 will not be always taken into account while verifying sepsis. The only relatively pathogenetically homogeneous definition in Sepsis-3 is “septic shock”. However, it also does not fully consider the staging (according to the degree of compensation of hemodynamic disturbances) and the phasing (according to the severity of the pro-inflammatory response) of the dynamics of the shock condition. From our point of view, a positive result of the Sepsis-3 consensus would be in transition of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) from the main to additional (optional) verifying sepsis criteria. We also believe that the weak side of the Sepsis-3 Guidelines is in underestimated mechanisms of systemic inflammation as a general pathological process in the genesis of developing critical conditions of various origins. From the perspective of general pathology, sepsis is a combination of the three common fundamental pathological processes: classical (canonical) and systemic inflammation (SI), as well as chronic systemic low-grade inflammation (parainflammation), the latter can be considered as an unfavorable background for development of the former two processes. All three processes are characterized by any SIR signs and require to be differentiated on the basis of integral criteria, which reflect specific blocks of the SI complex process. The pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) is a relevant example underlying inevitability of such approach. The systemic microvascular vasculitis, and its main clinical manifestations such as systemic microcirculatory disorders in the form of shockogenic conditions is the SI pathogenetic basis. Apparently, one of the modalities for further evolution of critical care medicine will be coupled to development of a more multilayered but effective methods for assessing pathogenesis of critical states and more differentiated methods of pathogenetic therapy. Therefore, it will require to modernize a number of fundamental premises in our knowledge about pathobiology, pathophysiology, and general pathology. © 2021 Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute. All rights reserved.This work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (registration number NIOKTR No. АААА-А18-118020590108-7)

Systemic Inflammation: Methodological Approaches to Identification of the Common Pathological Process

We defined Systemic inflammation (SI) as a "typical, multi-syndrome, phase-specific pathological process, developing from systemic damage and characterized by the total inflammatory reactivity of endotheliocytes, plasma and blood cell factors, connective tissue and, at the final stage, by microcirculatory disorders in vital organs and tissues." The goal of the work: to determine methodological approaches and particular methodical solutions for the problem of identification of SI as a common pathological process. SI can be defined by the presence in plasma of systemic proinflammatory cell stress products-cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, and also by the complexity of other processes signs. We have developed 2 scales: 1) The Reactivity Level scale (RL)-from 0 to 5 points: 0-normal level; RL-5 confirms systemic nature of inflammatory mediator release, and RL- 2-4 defines different degrees of event probability. 2) The SI scale, considering additional criteria along with RL, addresses more integral criteria of SI: the presence of ≥ 5 points according to the SI scale proves the high probability of SI developing. To calculate the RL scale, concentrations of 4 cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α) and C-reactive protein in plasma were examined. Additional criteria of the SI scale were the following: D-dimers>500ng/ml, cortisol>1380 or <100nmol/l, troponin I≥0.2ng/ml and/or myoglobin≥800ng/ml. 422 patients were included in the study with different septic (n-207) and aseptic (n-215) pathologies. In 190 cases (of 422) there were signs of SI (lethality 38.4%, n-73). In only 5 of 78 cases, lethality was not confirmed by the presence of SI. SI was registered in 100% of cases with septic shock (n-31). There were not significant differences between AU-ROC of CR, SI scale and SOFA to predict death in patients with sepsis and trauma

Sepsis-3: new edition — old problems. analysis from the perspective of general pathology

Sepsis-3 Guidelines defines sepsis as an organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection. To record organ dysfunction, the SOFA/quick SOFA scales were recommended. In fact, in medical practice, sepsis is considered nothing more than a critical infection that requires intensive care. Therefore, sepsis is pathogenetically a nonhomogeneous condition manifested by diverse nosologies and syndromes. Unlike the previous two editions, Sepsis-1 and Sepsis-2 Guidelines, the formal criteria provided in the Sepsis-3 are closer to the de facto position, describe more specific, but less sensitive features to predict mortality. However, the initial, latent manifestations of critical conditions, which can be relatively effectively controlled by intensive therapy, remain outside the Sepsis-3 criteria. Not all signs of multiple organ dysfunctions (according to the Sepsis-3 criteria) will require intensive care. Hence, obviously the presence or absence of formal criteria of Sepsis-3 will not be always taken into account while verifying sepsis. The only relatively pathogenetically homogeneous definition in Sepsis-3 is “septic shock”. However, it also does not fully consider the staging (according to the degree of compensation of hemodynamic disturbances) and the phasing (according to the severity of the proinflammatory response) of the dynamics of the shock condition. From our point of view, a positive result of the Sepsis-3 consensus would be in transition of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) from the main to additional (optional) verifying sepsis criteria. We also believe that the weak side of the Sepsis-3 Guidelines is in underestimated mechanisms of systemic inflammation as a general pathological process in the genesis of developing critical conditions of various origins. From the perspective of general pathology, sepsis is a combination of the three common fundamental pathological processes: classical (canonical) and systemic inflammation (SI), as well as chronic systemic low-grade inflammation (parainflammation), the latter can be considered as an unfavorable background for development of the former two processes. All three processes are characterized by any SIR signs and require to be differentiated on the basis of integral criteria, which reflect specific blocks of the SI complex process. The pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) is a relevant example underlying inevitability of such approach. The systemic microvascular vasculitis, and its main clinical manifestations such as systemic microcirculatory disorders in the form of shockogenic conditions is the SI pathogenetic basis. Apparently, one of the modalities for further evolution of critical care medicine will be coupled to development of a more multilayered but effective methods for assessing pathogenesis of critical states and more differentiated methods of pathogenetic therapy. Therefore, it will require to modernize a number of fundamental premises in our knowledge about pathobiology, pathophysiology, and general pathology

Strategic analysis of sustainable socioeconomic situation of rural areas in the Samara Region of the Russian Federation

On the one hand, the relevance of this problem is primarily determined by growing gap of rural territorial entities in socioeconomic development, and on the other hand, due to their significance in such prominent aspects for the country as food security, maintaining the existing land, industrial, ecological, demographic and human potential. The purpose of the article is comprehensive assessment of socioeconomic, institutional and ecological situation of rural areas in order to justify managerial decisions and effective policy making at the regional and local levels. The leading method for studying this problem is stratigic analysis of processes of developing rural areas, as well as factors, affecting development. The results of the study: In this article the authors assessed the situation in socioeconomic sphere of munitipalities in the Samara Region of the Russian Federation, accordingly, based on this, the authors concluded about a predominance of degradation processes, which form instability in the development of rural areas. The results of this study can be used by the regional authorities in their practice for making and implementation both regional policy, as well as strategy of socioeconomic development of rural area. © 2016 Belyaeva et al

Situational and game technologies of training in students’ professional competence development

The transition from traditional educational paradigm to competence one has marked new ways of higher educational institutions development. The implementation of modern Federal state educational standards requirements has determined the need to use modern specialist methods in training that develop students’ competence and the ability to carry out highly qualified professional activities. Higher education institutions face the task of implementing technologies that contribute to the development of practical orientation of students, their independence in this process. The purpose of the article is to reveal the experience of using situational-game technologies of training, as one of the most practice-oriented, aimed at activating students’ students, contributing to professional competence development. The concept of "technology" came to education from the sphere of production. Technologization implies a clear subordination to a certain algorithm of actions, so the technology allows you to achieve specific results in the allotted amount of time. In the field of professional education, technology has changed, but its meaning remains the same-the regulation of the activities of the subjects of the educational process to achieve the planned goals. The article defines the essence of educational technologies in the training of University students, reveals the features of their application, the role and advantages of situational and game technologies of training in the conditions of implementation of the competence approach. The research given in this article shows the importance of game educational technologies and the prospects of their use in the training a highly qualified, creative specialist who can quickly solve professional problems in non-standard ways

Physiological and pathogenic role of scavenger receptors in humans

The scavenger receptors (SRs)) include > 30 different molecules structurally classified into 11 classes (A to L). They are expressed mostly on stromal macrophages, and their expression may be augmented in direct dependence with concentrations of their ligands. The SRs are heterogenous by their structure, however, being common in their functional potential. E.g., different SR classes may participate in absorption of modified low-density lipoproteins and glycated proteins, apoptotic and ageing cells, altered erythrocytes and platelets, like as a big variety of other endogenous ligands from metabolic and cellular “trash”. A common property of SRs is their participation in removal of small pathogen amounts from blood circulation, regulation of cell and tissue stress responses, ability to form complicated receptor complexes with other receptor types including integrins and toll-like receptors. Opposite to classic pattern-recognizing receptors, the SR involvement does not always elicit a pronounced cellular activation and development of pro-inflammatory cellular stress. The SR functional effects provide interactions between different physiological events and immune system, including the processes of neuroendocrine and metabolic regulation. These mechanisms provide both homeostatic stability and, likewise, act at the border of normal and pathological conditions, i.e., participating in pathogenesis of transitional processes, e.g., physiological ageing. Moreover, the SR-associated processes represent a key pathogenetic factor in different somatic diseases, e.g., those associated with low-intensity chronic inflammation, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, various neurodegenerative disorders. Similarly, the SRs are involved into the processes of cancer transformation and antitumor response, different processes of classical inflammation, from antigen presentation to the morphofunctional T cell and macrophage polarization in the inflammation foci and immunocompetent organs. SR are playing a controversial role in development of acute systemic inflammation, the main reason for lethal outcomes in the intensive care wards. Targeted effects upon the SRs represent a promising approach when treating a broad variety of diseases, whereas detection of membrane-bound and soluble SR forms could be performed by means of diagnostic and monitoring techniques in many human disorders. © 2020, SPb RAACI