Lichen-like Symbiotic Associations of Wood-decaying Fungi and Algae. I. Biodiversity and Ecology of Photobionts

The article presents new data on the taxonomical, morphological and ecological composition and species diversity of symbiont algae associated with xylotrophic fungi. The largest part of symbionts (86%) are eukaryotic algae belonging to the divisions Chlorophyta (68% of total number of species), Ochrophyta (9%) andCharophyta (8%). The prokaryotic algae, or Cyanoprokaryota, make up the remaining 14% of species. The eukaryotic algae are an obligatory component of mycetobiont communities, whereas Cyanoprokaryota are the optional, facultative part. Out of 46 mycetobiont algae genera, 29 (or 64%) are single-species taxa, while 15 (32%) genera include two or three species. Two genera – Chlamydomonas and Klebsormidium – are represented by 6 and 4 species, respectively. The majority of mycetobiont algae have coccoid (41%) and trichal (33%) thalli, colonial-coccoid (18%) and monadic (8%) algae are rarely observed. All algae species belong to widespread epiphytic, soil and lichenophilic groups that do not require symbiosis with fungi. Obligatory mycetobionts were not observed during the study. Communities of mycetobiont algae have host-specificity and high geographical and individual variability. Keywords: wood-decaying fungi, algae and Cyanoprokaryota, biodiversity, ecology, symbiosi

THE EMBRYOLOGY OF ASTRAGALUS SULCATUS AND A. PERMIENSIS

Two species of astragalus (A. sulcatus are widespread species and Astragalus permiensis — local endemic species) were studied. Why some species prosper, while other become rare or disappear? It has been suggested that the reason lies in the functioning of the breeding system

Carbon exchange between mycetobiont algae and wood-destroing fungi

Experimentally with 14C it was shown that the products of photosynthesis algae living in basidiocarps of Trichaptum pargamenum used in plastic and respiratory exchange of this fungus. In this sense, mycetobiont algae are additional and alternative in relation to wood the source of carbon nutrition wood-destroying fungi. However, translocation of photosynthetic products from basidiocarps to substrate mycelium is not observed, but this aspect in the relationship algae and wooddestroying fungi need in more complete study.Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект 15−04−06881)

LICHEN-LIKE SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF XYLOTROPHIC FUNGI AND ALGAE

Xylotrophic basidiomycetes and algae that inhabit their basidiocarps form of the lichen-like symbiotic associations. There are multicomponent systems, including mycobiont and several species of photobionts. The main and obligatory component of mycetobiont communities are the green algae, blue-green algae – their facultative component. Mycobionts are usually the fungi with annual, annual-wintering basidiocarps and their relationships with algae are mutualistic: algae receive some protection, H2O and CO2, fungi receive additional source of carbon and nitrogen nutrition. In all characteristics, the symbiotic associations of xylotrophic fungi and mycetobiont algae correspond to basidiomycetes lichens and can be considered as such.Работа выполнена при поддержке Программы 211 Правительства РФ (соглашение No. 02.A03.21.0006), РФФИ (проект 18-04-00643), Программы фундаментальных исследований УрО РАН (проект № 18-4-4-44)

Polymorphism of the adiponutrin gene (PNPLA3) in the indigenous inhabitants of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Rationale: The association of rs738409 I148M polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been confirmed for several ethnic and territorial groups. Up to now, no such studies have been performed in the populations of Yakutia.Aim: To study allele frequency distribution and to identify associations of the PNPLA3 gene polymorphism (rs738409 C>G) with T2DM in the Yakuts.Materials and methods: DNA samples from 106 T2DM patients were used in the study; the control group included samples from 72 healthy volunteers. All study participants were ethnic Yakuts and were living in the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russian Federation. rs738409 polymorphism of the PNPLA3 gene was studied by polymerase chain reaction and by restriction fragment length polymorphism.Results: There were no significant difference in the distribution of the allele frequencies and genotypes of the polymorphous variant of the PNPLA3 gene (rs738409) between the T2DM patients and the healthy control. Both groups showed prevailing allele G (р = 0.01) and homozygous genotype GG (96%).Conclusion: High frequency of the allele G (74.1%) with predominance of GG genotype (58.5%) was found in type 2 diabetic patients