State stimulation of development of small entrepreneurship in developing countries

Purpose – This article offers a hypothesis that small business cannot activate in developing countries without state stimulation, as distortion of market mechanism does not allow creating necessary competitive environment and eliminating incoming barriers. The purpose of the article is to verify this hypothesis, determine perspective, and develop recommendations for state stimulation of development of small entrepreneurship in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach – As methods of conduct of scientific research, this work uses the method of systemic, problem, comparative, and structural & functional analysis, as well as method of modeling and formalization. Findings – The authors determine specifics and role of small entrepreneurship in developing countries. The work views practice of state regulation of development of small entrepreneurship in developing countries, which allowed determining positive and negative aspects of such management and barriers for development of small business. Originality/value – The largest scientific novelty and value belongs to the developed proprietary model and recommendations for stimulation of development of small entrepreneurship in developing countries.peer-reviewe

A Dipole Vortex Model of Obscuring Tori in Active Galaxy Nuclei

The torus concept as an essential structural component of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is generally accepted. Here, the situation is discussed when the torus "twisting" by the radiation or wind transforms it into a dipole toroidal vortex which in turn can be a source of matter replenishing the accretion disk. Thus emerging instability which can be responsible for quasar radiation flares accompanied by matter outbursts is also discussed. The "Matreshka" scheme for an obscuring vortex torus structure capable of explaining the AGN variability and evolution is proposed. The model parameters estimated numerically for the luminosity close to the Eddington limit agree well with the observations.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures, version of this paper is published in Astronomy Report

The effect of water dynamics on conformation changes of albumin in pre-denaturation state:photon correlation spectroscopy and simulation

Water is essential for protein three-dimensional structure, conformational dynamics, and activity. Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of major blood plasma proteins, and its functioning is fundamentally determined by the dynamics of surrounding water. The goal of this study is to link the conformational dynamics of albumin to the thermal motions in water taking place in the physiological temperature range. We report the results of photon correlation spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations of HSA in aqueous solution. The experimental data processing produced the temperature dependence of the HSA hydrodynamic radius and its zeta potential. Molecular dynamics reproduced the results of experiments and revealed changes in the secondary structure caused by the destruction of hydrogen bonds in the macromolecule's globule

Who are you, Griselda? A replacement name for a new genus of the Asiatic short-tailed shrews (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Soricidae): molecular and morphological analyses with the discussion of tribal affinities

The first genetic study of the holotype of the Gansu short-tailed shrew, Blarinella griselda Thomas, 1912, is presented. The mitochondrial analysis demonstrated that the type specimen of B. griselda is close to several recently collected specimens from southern Gansu, northern Sichuan and Shaanxi, which are highly distinct from the two species of Asiatic short-tailed shrews of southern Sichuan, Yunnan, and Vietnam, >B. quadraticauda and B. wardi. Our analysis of four nuclear genes supported the placement of B. griselda as sister to B. quadraticauda / B. wardi, with the level of divergence between these two clades corresponding to that among genera of Soricinae. A new generic name, Parablarinella, is proposed for the Gansu short-tailed shrew. Karyotypes of Parablarinella griselda(2n = 49, NFa = 50) and B. quadraticauda (2n = 49, NFa = 62) from southern Gansu are described. The tribal affinities of Blarinellini and Blarinini are discussed.Copyright Anna A. Bannikova et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The attached file is the published version of the article

Localized shear as a quasi-plastic mechanism of momentum transfer in liquids

Two types of dispersion relations (DRs) in condensed media and associated momentum transfer mechanisms are discussed: gapless DRs corresponding to acoustic modes and DRs with energy (or frequency) gap. Studying the viscoelastic effects in condensed media based on the generalization of the Maxwell-Frenkel approach, the emphasis was placed on the gap states in the momentum transfer mechanisms (GMS), when the k-gap was accompanied by qualitative changes in the DRs type. In this paper, the gap states in the mechanisms of momentum transfer in liquids are associated with the effects of shear elasticity and the formation of collective modes of quasi-plastic shears under conditions of the established type of critical phenomena in the ensembles of shear defects — structural-scaling transitions. It has been found that the formation of collective shear modes, having the character of self-similar solutions of the autosoliton type, accounts for the qualitative change in the dispersion properties corresponding to the quasi-plastic momentum transfer mechanisms operating in the characteristic range of loading times. The results of comparison with the data of original experiments confirm the initiation of quasi-plastic mechanisms of momentum transfer in liquids during the formation of collective shear modes and corresponding change in dissipative properties

Microstructure and magnetoresistance of Co90Fe10/Cu and Co65Fe26Ni9/Cu multilayers

Investigations of the microstructure, magnetic and magnetotransport properties of the optimized [Co90Fe10/Cu]n and [Co65Fe26Ni9/Cu] n multilayers with n = 32 prepared by magnetron sputtering are performed. These nanostructures exhibit the magnetoresistance values 83 % and 36 % at room temperature, respectively. The article presents the results of the influence of Co65Fe26Ni9 alloy on the magnetoresistance values and crystal structure of multilayers. In the periodic part of the nanostructure [Co65Fe26Ni9/Cu] n based on CoFeNi ternary alloy, besides fcc the formation of a bcc phase in the continuous boundaries around crystallites is found. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ НАПРАВЛЕННОГО ТРАНСПОРТА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ МОДЕЛИРУЕМОГО ЖЕЛУДОЧНО-КИШЕЧНОГО ТРАКТА

In this paper, the results of studies on the release of biological active compounds from their encapsulated forms under conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis in vitro are presented. In the phase of the model «small intestine» swelling of the capsules and their subsequent decay occurs, which allows to speak about the controlled release of encapsulated bioactive components. It was revealed that almost 90 % of the residual quantity of essential ingredients was released from the capsules in the model phase of the artificial «small intestine». At the end of the experiment, the capsules released all the encapsulated biologically active substances, regardless of the content of fish oil and phenolic compounds in them. It was noted that the poly-capsules had the greatest propensity to withstand the aggressive environment of the «model stomach» and concentrate in themselves the maximum amount of biologically active substances. Mathematical modeling confirms the direct transport of biologically active compounds and the role of the swelling of capsules in the release of biologically active compounds. two mathematical models describing the classical theory of diffusion from capsules and incorporating the material relaxation coefficient demonstrate a combination of empirical and theoretical approaches in controlling the properties of encapsulated biologically active substances. the obtained data are promising in the field of development of improved and functional food products, as well as the dry ingredients and concentrates В работе приведены результаты исследований по изучению высвобождения биологических активных соединений из их инкапсулированных форм в условиях ферментативного гидролиза in vitro. В фазе модельного «кишечника» происходит набухание капсул и их последующий распад, что позволяет говорить о контролируемом высвобождении инкапсулированных биоактивных компонентов. Выявлено, что почти 90% от остаточного количества эссенциальных ингредиентов было высвобождено из капсул в модельной фазе «искусственного кишечника». В конце эксперимента капсулы высвобождали все инкапсулированные биологически активные вещества, независимо от содержания в них рыбьего жира и фенольных соединений.Отмечено, что полислойные капсулы имели наибольшую склонность противостоять агрессивной среде «модельного желудка» и сконцентрировать в себе максимальное количество биологически активных веществ. Математическое моделирование подтверждает направленный транспорт биологически активных соединений и роль набухания капсул в высвобождении биологически активных соединений. Две математические модели, описывающие классическую теорию диффузии из капсул и с включением коэффициента релаксации материалов, демонстрируют комбинацию эмпирического и теоретического подходов в управлении свойств инкапсулированных биологически активных веществ. Полученные данные перспективны в области разработки улучшенных и функциональных продуктов питания, а также сухих ингредиентов и концентратов.

The impact of terahertz radiation on an extremophilic archaean Halorubrum saccharovorum proteome

Nonthermal effects of terahertz radiation on living objects are currently intensely studied, as more sources of this radiation type and devices employing it are being constructed. Terahertz radiation is increasingly used in security and inspection systems, medical and scientific appliances due to its low quant energy, which does not cause severe effects on organisms as other radiation types with higher quant energies do. The aim of this study was the identification of protein complexes participating in the response of the archaea Halorubrum saccharovorum H3 isolated from an extreme natural environment to terahertz radiation. We developed a microfluidic system for irradiation of bacterial and archaeal cultures with terahertz radiation and performed a 5-hour-long exposure of H. saccharovorum to terahertz radiation at a wavelength of 130 μm and a power density of 0.8 Wt per cm2 for 5 h. We identified under- or overexpressed proteins in response to terahertz radiation using 2D electrophoresis with subsequent MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. A total of 16 differentially expressed protein fractions with at least 1.5-fold changes in expression level were detected. The obtained data suggest that Halorubrum cells respond to exposure to terahertz radiation by expression changes in gene products involved in translation regulation

Structure and magnetic properties of the Co2FeAl and Co2NiSi Heusler alloy films

The structural and magnetic properties (field dependences of the magnetization in magnetic fields of up to 6 kOe) of thin-film Co2FeAl, and Co2NiSi Heusler alloys grown by pulsed laser deposition on glass and a single-crystalline Al2O3 R-plane substrate at different growth temperatures (20, 280 and 420 °C) were studied. It was found that the stoichiometric composition of the films depends on the substrate temperature during growth and repeats the composition of the target for films grown at low temperatures. The films deposited on a single crystalline Al2O3 substrate have uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in the plane. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.This work was partly supported by the state assignment of Minobrnauki of Russia (themes “Spin” No. АААА-А18-118020290104-2), RFBR grants (Nos. 18-32-00686 and 18-02-00739) and the Government of the Russian Federation (state contract No. 02.A03.21.0006)