The axiological nature of the concepts meaning and sense

The article deals with the problem of differentiation between the basic notions of linguistic semantics, namely, meaning and sense. There are different, sometimes opposite conceptions of these terms’ connection with the spheres of semantic paradigmatics and syntagmatics. The present approach is aimed to show that the meaning belongs to the sphere of language-as-a-system and the sense to the sphere of speech realizationyesБелгородский государственный университе

The comparative analisis of set expressions with the lexeme fire as a component in typological aspect

The article deals with the functional semantic and pragmatic features of phraseological units which either contain the lexical unit FIRE in their structure or nominate it in different European languages. The investigation clearly points out the fact that the phraseological units of different languages under study possess more or less identical structural, functional, semantic and pragmatic characteristic

La lucha por el mercado del petróleo alemán en los inicios del régimen de Hitler

On the basis of diplomatic documents, the paper reconstructs a detailed picture of the expulsion from the German market during 1933 of the Soviet firms “Derop” and “Derunaft”, suppliers of oil products. The document of Soviet intelligence shows that a big Dutch-British oil magnate, Sir H. Deterding, can be considered one of the inspirers of this process; he hoped, among other things, to seize control of the Caucasian oil fields in the course of the alleged "crusade" against the USSR.Sobre la base de documentos diplomáticos, el artículo reconstruye un cuadro detallado de la expulsión del mercado alemán durante 1933 de las empresas soviéticas "Derop" y "Derunaft", proveedoras de productos petrolíferos. Los materiales de la inteligencia soviética muestran que uno de los inspiradores de este proceso puede ser considerado el gran magnate petrolero holandés-británico Sir H. Deterding, quien, en el curso de la supuesta "cruzada" contra la URSS, esperaba, entre otras cosas, tomar el control de los campos petroleros del Cáucaso

Conceptual features of mental structure of assessment

This article describes the conceptual basis of the mental structure of assessment. The main goal of this article is the systemic description if the linguistic and extra linguistic scientific data, analysis of relevant dictionary articles, search for the proper unique mental structure which is capable of storing, transforming, and transmitting knowledge concerning assessment of any object of reality into the meaning of lexemes verbalizing i

The problem of interaction of concepts guilt/вина and conscience/совесть in the Russian and English linguocultures

The article represents a description of different lexical means of the concepts’ guilt/вина and conscience/совесть verbalization in the English and Russian languages. The main idea of the research is to reveal the true nature of different lexical means that can motivate different meanings on the functional leve

Tissue Effects in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Short-term Finasteride in Early Prostate Cancer.

BackgroundIn the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, finasteride selectively suppressed low-grade prostate cancer and significantly reduced the incidence of prostate cancer in men treated with finasteride compared with placebo. However, an apparent increase in high-grade disease was also observed among men randomized to finasteride. We aimed to determine why and hypothesized that there is a grade-dependent response to finasteride.MethodsFrom 2007 to 2012, we randomized dynamically by intranet-accessible software 183 men with localized prostate cancer to receive 5mg finasteride or placebo daily in a double-blind study during the 4-6weeks preceding prostatectomy. As the primary end point, the expression of a predefined molecular signature (ERβ, UBE2C, SRD5A2, and VEGF) differentiating high- and low-grade tumors in Gleason grade (GG) 3 areas of finasteride-exposed tumors from those in GG3 areas of placebo-exposed tumors, adjusted for Gleason score (GS) at prostatectomy, was compared. We also determined androgen receptor (AR) levels, Ki-67, and cleaved caspase 3 to evaluate the effects of finasteride on the expression of its downstream target, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, respectively. The expression of these markers was also compared across grades between and within treatment groups. Logistic regression was used to assess the expression of markers.FindingsWe found that the predetermined molecular signature did not distinguish GG3 from GG4 areas in the placebo group. However, AR expression was significantly lower in the GG4 areas of the finasteride group than in those of the placebo group. Within the finasteride group, AR expression was also lower in GG4 than in GG3 areas, but not significantly. Expression of cleaved caspase 3 was significantly increased in both GG3 and GG4 areas in the finasteride group compared to the placebo group, although it was lower in GG4 than in GG3 areas in both groups.InterpretationWe showed that finasteride's effect on apoptosis and AR expression is tumor grade dependent after short-term intervention. This may explain finasteride's selective suppression of low-grade tumors observed in the PCPT

Hypoxia-induced factor-1α and markers of inflammation in patients with ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke (IS) occurs as a result of local disturbance of hemocirculation and hypoxia in the brain tissue. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is involved in the regulation of tissue oxygen levels, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of stroke, including neuronal survival, neuroinflammation, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, blood-brain barrier permeability, and is important in IS outcomes. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between blood levels of HIF-1α and the degree of neurological deficit in the acute period of IS and the outcome of the disease. We examined 58 people with IS aged 73 (67-81) years. Patients were divided into two groups – discharged and dead. The severity of stroke (NIHSS), neurological deficit, comorbidity index, blood levels of HIF-1α, p53 protein, interleukin-6, cystatin C, CRP, creatinine, hematological parameters were determined at admission, on days 3 and 10 of the disease. At admission the blood levels of HIF-1α was lower than in the comparison group and remained reduced until the 10th day. On day 10 the association of HIF-1α with neurological deficit, comorbidity index and disease outcome was determined. We observed a feedback of HIF-1α with the content of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit, which can be regarded as a reflection of the hemic component of mixed hypoxia. In dead patients, an increased blood level of cystatin C was detected, which was associated with HIF-1α concentrations. In all periods of observation of IS, a correlation between cystatin C and creatinine and CRP levels was noted. These results may indicate dysfunction of endotheliocytes, inflammation associated with hypoxia in IS. The prognostic significance of the blood level of HIF-1α on the 10th day for the outcome of IS was AUC = 0.900. Blood levels of HIF-1α in the acute period was associated with the severity of IS and the outcome of the disease

Analysis of the results of the operation to separate craniopagus twins, depending on the type of their fusion

The purpose of the study is to identify the presence or absence of a relationship between the type of fusion and the success of the operation.Цель исследования – выявить наличие или отсутствие зависимости между типом сращения и успехом операции

Interactions of the Human MCM-BP Protein with MCM Complex Components and Dbf4

MCM-BP was discovered as a protein that co-purified from human cells with MCM proteins 3 through 7; results which were recapitulated in frogs, yeast and plants. Evidence in all of these organisms supports an important role for MCM-BP in DNA replication, including contributions to MCM complex unloading. However the mechanisms by which MCM-BP functions and associates with MCM complexes are not well understood. Here we show that human MCM-BP is capable of interacting with individual MCM proteins 2 through 7 when co-expressed in insect cells and can greatly increase the recovery of some recombinant MCM proteins. Glycerol gradient sedimentation analysis indicated that MCM-BP interacts most strongly with MCM4 and MCM7. Similar gradient analyses of human cell lysates showed that only a small amount of MCM-BP overlapped with the migration of MCM complexes and that MCM complexes were disrupted by exogenous MCM-BP. In addition, large complexes containing MCM-BP and MCM proteins were detected at mid to late S phase, suggesting that the formation of specific MCM-BP complexes is cell cycle regulated. We also identified an interaction between MCM-BP and the Dbf4 regulatory component of the DDK kinase in both yeast 2-hybrid and insect cell co-expression assays, and this interaction was verified by co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins from human cells. In vitro kinase assays showed that MCM-BP was not a substrate for DDK but could inhibit DDK phosphorylation of MCM4,6,7 within MCM4,6,7 or MCM2-7 complexes, with little effect on DDK phosphorylation of MCM2. Since DDK is known to activate DNA replication through phosphorylation of these MCM proteins, our results suggest that MCM-BP may affect DNA replication in part by regulating MCM phosphorylation by DDK