Variability in Saturn's bow shock and magnetopause from pioneer and voyager: Probabilistic predictions and initial observations by Cassini

Probability distributions for the location of the Saturnian bow shock and magnetopause have been derived by extrapolating observations of dynamic solar wind pressures to the position of Saturn's orbit. These observations are those made by the Pioneer 11, Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft near Saturn's orbit and by the Ulysses spacecraft near its aphelion. The magnetopause subsolar distance (measured from Saturn's center) is obtained using pressure equilibrium. The bow shock standoff distance is determined using empirical relations between bow shock size and solar wind dynamic pressure. Simple 2-D geometric models of the magnetopause and bow shock surfaces have been used to determine their morphologies over a large range in local time. Three cases have been studied: (1) An Earth-type magnetosphere with low internal plasma pressure; (2) An intermediate case calibrated with Voyager 1 observations; and (3) A Jupiter-like inflated magnetosphere. The comparison of these models with initial observations from the initial sunward orbits of the Cassini spacecraft indicates a more inflated magnetosphere than postulated by the previous modelling of the Pioneer-Voyager encounters

A review of ramelteon in the treatment of sleep disorders

Ramelteon is a selective melatonin receptor (MT1 and MT2) agonist that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulty with sleep onset. It is the only approved sleep-promoting medication that does not have a direct sedating effect, but rather enhances sleep through effects on sleep regulatory mechanisms within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Ramelteon has been shown to have no abuse liability and therefore is not scheduled by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency as a controlled substance. It is available as an 8 mg tablet, which should be taken approximately 30 minutes prior to bedtime. The FDA approval contains no limitation on how long the medication may be prescribed

Standing Alfven wave current system at Io: Voyager 1 observations

The enigmatic control of the occurrence frequency of Jupiter's decametric emissions by the satellite Io is explained theoretically on the basis of its strong electrodynamic interaction with the corotating Jovian magnetosphere leading to field aligned currents connecting Io with the Jovian ionosphere. Direct measurements of the perturbation magnetic fields due to this current system were obtained by the magnetic field experiment on Voyager 1 on 5 March 1979 when it passed within 20,500 km south of Io. An interpretation in the framework of Alfven waves radiated by Io leads to current estimates of 2.8 million amps. A mass density of 7400 to 13600 proton mass units per Cu cm is derived which compares very favorably with independent observations of the torus composition characterized by 7-9 proton mass units per electron for a local electron density of 1050 to 1500 per cu cm. The power dissipated in the current system may be important for heating the Io heavy ion torus, inner magnetosphere, Jovian ionosphere, and possibly the ionosphere or even the interior of Io

The relation between SAR and the electromagnetic field distribution for heterogeneous exposure conditions

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Functional Musical Sonification for Chronic Pain Support

Chronic pain causes substantial disability, and people living with chronic pain often use protective behaviours and movements to minimize pain and worry about exacerbating pain during everyday activities such as loading the washing machine. We present work in progress on ubiquitous interactive sonification of body movement to help people with chronic pain to understand and positively modify their movements in clinical and functional situations. The sonification blends informational and aesthetic aspects and is intended for daily use