Taxonomic assessment of the Oxytropis species from South-East of Kazakhstan

The genus Oxytropis DC. is one of the largest genera in the Fabaceae family. The most plant species belonging to the Oxytropis genus have an important medicinal value. Currently the botanical taxonomy of the genus is complicated due to existence of many subgenera and sections that developed based on morphological traits. Also, in the literature there is luck of knowledge on phylogeny of Oxytropis species from Central Asian region. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was the clarification of taxonomic relationship of two Oxytropis species from SouthEast of Kazakhstan (O. almaatensis Bajt. and O. glabra DC.). The study was based on using phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network assessment based on sequences ITS (internal transcribed spacers), which is DNA marker of nuclear genome. Plant materials of O. almaatensis were collected from 2 populations in two neighboring Gorges in Trans Ili Alatau Mountains, O. glabra plant material was obtained from Herbarium of the Department of Biodiversity and Bioresources, al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Based on DNA sequences of ITS the phylogenetic and network relationships were investigated by using Neighbor Joining and Median Joining methods, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of ITS of O. almaatensis and O. glabra were aligned with sequences of 29 Oxytropis references found in the NCBI database. Out of the 601 aligned positions of ITS 33 (5.6 %) sites were found to be polymorphic nucleotides and used in evaluation of the genetic relationship of species. Constructed MJ haplotype network showed a very high congruence with the NJ phylogenetic tree. MJ network provided valuable additional hints in clarification of the taxonomic relationship among species involved in the analysis. In this study phylogenetic NJ tree and MJ network based on the variation of ITS sequences confirmed the monophyletic origin of the genus. The ITS haplotype network suggested that O. glabra is very diverse species and possibly played important role in the evolutionary processes of the genus in Central Asian region. The study is additional contribution in the molecular taxonomy of complex Oxytropis genus

Genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the endangered kazakh endemic Oxytropis almaatensis (fabaceae)

The central Asian narrow endemic species Oxytropis almaatensis is a highly endangered plant with a very restricted distribution in the Tian Shan Mountains. In this study, we present the basic conservation genetic characteristics of this species based on a DNA fingerprinting approach in order to provide yardsticks for official conservation agencies to develop an informed conservation strategy. The three currently known populations with two allopatric subpopulations at each site were sampled in the Trans-Ili Alatau Mountains (S Kazakhstan) and subject to AFLP analysis using four primer combinations. This was supplemented by flow cytometry of plants with remarkably different body sizes to check for possible ploidy differences. The presence or absence of AFLP bands was used in downstream analyses utilising various population genetic approaches. Genetic diversity of O. almaatensis was found to be on the upper end of the spectrum typical for other outcrossing species of similar life-history characteristics. Most of the genetic variation was attributable to within (sub)population variance, and we also found a remarkable gene flow between the populations. However, the geographically closer populations were found to be more close to each other genetically, and population differentiation showed the same pattern with a significant isolation by distance. Similar patterns were not found for subpopulations of the geographically more close populations, and the subpopulations living along the same river valley were found to be genetically more cohesive. Flow cytometry did not reveal any difference in DNA content between the small and large forms of the species. All these results suggest the presence of two separate populations at the three localities of this species. Conservation efforts should focus on these two populations, and, given the relatively high genetic diversity within each population, both ex situ and in situ conservation measures can be effectively carried out based on the currently known populations of this narrow endemic species

Anatomical structure of vegetative organs of the rare species Taraxacum kok‑saghyz L.E. Rodin in immature ontogenetic state

The article contains anatomical characteristics of vegetative organs of rare, endemic, and endangered species Taraxacum kok-saghyz, studied in three populations. The study found that the vegetative organs of plants are characterized by different degrees of development of certain tissues, depending on the place where they grow. The most favorable conditions for plant growth were in the place of population № 3, which was characterized by dark brown mountain soil type, with the layer of black soil (chernozem). It is known that the best soils for the cook-sagyz are strong, regular and leached chernozems – this had main influence on characteristics of growth of plants from population № 3. Since cooksaghyz is hygrophilous plants, the distinctive features of the internal structure of these plants also were affected by water conditions

Anatomic-morphological and phytochemical study of a rare species - Rheum wittrockii Lundstr

The article presents the features of the anatomical and morphological structure of the vegetative organs of Rheum wittrokii Lundstr. and the results of its qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses. The structure of the leaf shows the presence of calcium oxalate druses, which are located mainly under the layer of columnar mesophyll, along the Central part of the leaf blade. Druses in the spongy parenchyma are clearly distinguished and have an almost spherical shape with a peculiar needle-like structure. In the main vein, sections of the sclerenchymic lining are adjacent to the conducting bundle. The covering tissue of the roots has a secondary structure and is represented by a three-layer periderm. In the cells of the main parenchyma of the cortex, numerous calcium oxalate druses are found, which have a round-crystal configuration and are collected in small groups. The vessels of the root xylem are large with ladder and mesh perforation. Features of the main stem parenchyma are its larger, rounded-oblong or oval shape with slightly thickened cell walls. The revealed anatomical features can be used in the case of the diagnosis of medicinal plant raw materials. The study of the chemical composition, the study of biological activity and the development of new herbal medicines is relevant. As a result of studying the chemical composition of the ethanol extract of Rheum wittrokii obtained by extracting 96% ethanol, 8 main components were identified. Rhizomes are dominated by chrysophanic acid with an identification probability of 41.4%.[...]Aplinkotyros katedraVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

STUDIES ON THE ROOT ANATOMY OF RUBBER PRODUCING ENDEMIC OF KAZAKHSTAN, TARAXACUM KOK-SAGHYZ LE RODIN

WOS: 000447639200020This paper highlights morpho-metric and anatomical characteristics of a rare, endangered, endemic species Taraxacum kok-saghyz from Kazakhstan. The plant has been investigated using three different populations during young generative stages. The morphometric features recorded here from the natural populations show that, height of T. kok-saghyz plants and diameter of crown significantly increase in generative period. Plant roots contain milky tubes filled with coagulated latex -rubber threads, and are characterized by varying degrees of specific tissue development, depending on place of growth. Thus, it was found that plants of population. 2 are characterized by significant development of primary cork (553.12 mkm=micron) and diameter of central cylinder (432.70 mu), in which narrow clearance xylem elements are concentrated. On the contrary, plants of population. 3, have all signs of body xeromorphic structures (strong development of cover tissue and presence of more wide clearance vessels of water conducting tissue). Dark chestnut mountain soil type is the most favorable for plant growth and development. This taxon is a hygrophilous plant therefore water supply conditions affect distinctive features of plant internal structure.Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of KazakhstanThis research was conducted at the "Plant Ecology" research laboratory of the Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Authors are thankful to them for their support. Our special thanks go to the "Ministry of Education and Science", Republic of Kazakhstan for funding this study as a research project on basic research on the "biological characteristics, current status and protection of cenopopulations of some rare plant species in Almaty region"

Estimation of Efficiency of Use of Dairy Products Enriched with Enter Sorbent Dietary Fibers on Immunophysiological Indicators of the Rat Organism

At all times, the problem of healthy and wholesome food has been one of the most important problems facing human society. This problem cannot be solved by simply increasing the amount of food consumed. Plant-based antioxidants are widely used for the prevention and treatment of diseases with the aim of eliminating free radicals from the body and restoring the body's antioxidant defense system. The article shows biochemical indicators that reflect the nature of changes in the early stages of the formation of response of the animal organism during toxic poisoning and the use of sour-milk products using enter sorbent dietary fiber from rice husk. With an increase in the dosage and frequency of CCl4 administration, the effect of deep poisoning and impaired lymph dynamics was obtained. Along with a decrease in the content of total protein and urea in lymph and blood plasma, an increase in ALT and AST levels in blood plasma by 2.5–3 times, as well as an increase in thymol test, were noted. Antioxidant defense mechanisms are universal in order to increase the body's vitality