Endoscopy-assisted tracheal reconstruction of post-traumatic obstruction in a cat: A case report

A domestic shorthair cat was referred with a history of dyspnoea and lethargy that had arisen gradually within the last few days. The cat had been hit by an automobile 10 days earlier. A thoracic radiograph suggested stenosis of the intrathoracic trachea, proximal to the tracheal bifurcation. Endoscopic examination confirmed a narrowing of the tracheal lumen due to the presence of a fibrotic ring, with remaining patent lumen of about 2 mm. A surgical treatment with a right lateral thoracotomy approach and resection of the narrowed portion of the trachea (a length of about 1 cm) was performed under endoscopic vision. The procedure was unsuccessful because of the size of the tissue removed and the laxity of the remaining tracheal tissue that caused dehiscence of sutures between the tracheal stump and tracheal bifurcation. After consultation with the cat\u2019s owners, an intraoperative euthanasia was performed

Needs Analysis of Blind Students in Teaching Practice Program

As an inclusive university, Brawijaya University has accepted students with special needs in some differentstudy programs. Two of those are blind / visually impaired students who enrol English Language EducationStudy Program in which the program prepares the students to be English teachers. As a consequence, thestudents must be ready to do teaching practice in a public school when they are in the seventh semester. Thisstudy is going to find out the problems of the visually impaired students in conducting teaching practice in theschool. It also elaborates the teaching media and method that they need to support them to do teachingpractice. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. To get the data, the researchers interviewthe visual impairments, the two volunteers who become their peer assistant them during learning process inthe university, and the lecturer who becomes the advisor of the visually impaired students. Besides,observation is also important to know the application of teaching practice in their real class. The observationis done by recording the teaching activity conducted by the visually impaired students. The results of theinterview and the observation are used to formulate the needs of the visually impaired students in teachingprocess in the real school. This study gives benefit not only for the students in preparing their teachingpractice, but also for the institution to accommodate the needs of the visually impaired students for theirteaching process

The Politics of (and Behind) the UNFCCC’s Loss and Damage Mechanism

Despite being one of the most controversial issues to be recently treated within climate negotiations, Loss and Damage (L&D) has attracted little attention among scholars of International Relations (IR). In this chapter we take the “structuralist paradox” in L&D negotiations as our starting point, considering how IR theories can help to explain the somewhat surprising capacity of weak parties to achieve results while negotiating with stronger parties. We adopt a multi-faceted notion of power, drawing from the neorealist, liberal and constructivist schools of thought, in order to explain how L&D milestones were reached. Our analysis shows that the IR discipline can greatly contribute to the debate, not only by enhancing understanding of the negotiation process and related outcomes but also by offering insights on how the issue could be fruitfully moved forward. In particular, we note the key importance that discursive power had in the attainment of L&D milestones: Framing L&D in ethical and legal terms appealed to standards relevant beyond the UNFCCC context, including basic moral norms linked to island states’ narratives of survival and the reference to international customary law. These broader standards are in principle recognised by both contending parties and this broader framing of L&D has helped to prove the need for action on L&D. However, we find that a change of narrative may be needed to avoid turning the issue into a win-lose negotiation game. Instead, a stronger emphasis on mutual gains through adaptation and action on L&D for both developed and developing countries is needed as well as clarity on the limits of these strategies. Examples of such mutual gains are more resilient global supply chains, reduction of climate-induced migration and enhanced security. As a result, acting on L&D would not feel as a unilateral concession developed countries make to vulnerable ones: it would rather be about elaborating patterns of collective action on an issue of common concern

Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study

Despite the extreme morphological variability of the canine species, data on limb development are limited and the time windows for the appearance of the limb ossification centres (OCs) reported in veterinary textbooks, considered universally valid for all dogs, are based on dated studies. The aim of this study was to acquire up-to-date information regarding the arm, forearm and leg bone development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs from 6 weeks to 16 weeks of age. Nine litters of 5 large-sized breeds (Boxer, German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Saarloos Wolfdog, White Swiss Shepherd Dog) were included, for a total of 54 dogs, which were subject to radiographic examination on a bi-weekly basis. The appearance of 18 limb OCs was recorded and 14 radiographic measurements were performed; their relationship with age and body weight was investigated and any breed differences were analysed using different statistical non-parametric tests. The number of OCs present was significantly different at 6 and 8 weeks of age between the investigated breeds. The appearance of the OCs occurred earlier in the Saarloos Wolfdog, while the Labrador Retriever was the later breed. In Boxers and Labrador Retrievers, various OCs showed a delayed appearance compared to the data reported in the literature. The number of OCs was strongly and positively correlated to body weight. Breed differences were also observed in the relative increase of the measured OCs and were not limited to dogs of different morphotypes. Statistically significant differences were most frequently observed between Saarloos Wolfdogs and the other breeds. The OCs that showed a greater variability in their development were the olecranon tuber, the patella and the tibial tuberosity. Their increase was more strongly correlated with the dog\u2019s age and body weight. Our data strongly suggest that differences in limb development exist in dog breeds of similar size and morphotype

Morphometric layers study of the gastrointestinal tract in New Zealand rabbits

Gastrointestinal diseases in rabbits represent a common disorder seen in veterinary practice. However, the normal histology of the rabbit gastrointestinal tract has not been well defined and there is little comparable data in literature. The aim of this study was to establish the specific different normal layers of thickness in the gastrointestinal tract and to provide accurate reference values useful in clinical and experimental studies. Whole sections of stomach (pars cardiac, fundus, pylorus), duodenum, jejunum, ileum, sacculus rotundus, caecum, apex ceci, ansa spiralis coli, colon descendens were obtained from five White New Zealand rabbits (8-14 months) with a mean weight of 5.24\ub11.04 Kg. These were processed and stained. For each section examined, we recorded 10 sample thickness measurements, measuring 4 tunics individually (serosa, muscularis, submucosa and mucosa) to obtain average representative morphometric values. The thickness of the intestinal wall was highest in the pylorus and sacculus rotundus, which was related to the maximum thickness of the muscularis and submucosa tunic, respectively. The mucosa is thicker in the small intestine and, proceeding from the duodenum to the ileum, there has been a progressive reduction of the total and mucosa thickness and an increase in muscular layer. Lastly, the serosa is thicker in the apex ceci. No notable correlation emerged with the sex of the subjects. This study gives values for the thickness of the layers in a rabbit's gastrointestinal tract, which should represent baseline information which could prove useful in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathology, specially in ultrasound and pathological anatomy

Two-dimensional and contrast-enhanced ultrasound of intestinal ischaemia in cats: four cases

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the results of two-dimensional (2D) and contrast-enhancement ultrasound (CEUS) in four cats with intestinal ischaemia. Methods: Data were collected from hospital records of all cats that had intestinal ischaemia between January 2012 and August 2018. The inclusion criteria were complete abdominal ultrasound examination, colour flow Doppler and CEUS of lesions, confirmation of intestinal ischaemia detected by visual assessment of avascular intestinal segment at surgery, and/or necropsy and histopathology. All images and video clips were reviewed by the same experienced operator. Results: Four cats with different intestinal ischaemic lesions were included in the study: duodenal perforating ulcer, jejunal necrotising enteritis, necrosis secondary to jejuno-jejunal intussusception and iatrogenic damage of jejunal arteries. On the 2D ultrasound, all intestinal lesions were characterised by non-specific findings: focal hypoechoic wall thickening with loss of normal layering associated with hyperechoic mesentery surrounding the intestinal tract. CEUS showed a reduced or absent enhancement of the intestinal lesions in comparison to the surrounding perfused wall. Conclusions and relevance: Intestinal ischaemia is a potentially fatal disorder. Grey-scale, colour and power Doppler sonography are not sensitive for evaluating this condition. Our preliminary findings illustrate the usefulness of CEUS for the detection of intestinal wall impaired perfusion in cats

A rare case of nasal osteoma in a dog: a case report

A 35-month-old female German shepherd weighing 33.2 kg was referred to our department with a 10-month history of sneezing and left nasal swelling. On clinical examination, the dog showed deformity of the left nasal plane in the absence of any cutaneous lesions or nasal discharge, and presented with nasal snoring noises during both the inspiratory and expiratory phases. The patency of nasal cavities was evaluated using the cotton swab test, and was found to be preserved only on the right side. Endoscopic, radiographic and computed tomographic examination revealed an osteoproductive lesion that distorted the nasal, maxillar and frontal bones, completely occupying the left nasal cavity and frontal sinuses, resulting in destruction of the nasal septum and invasion of the contralateral nasal cavity. Five bioptic samples of the mass were collected from the cutaneous surface using a 9G Jamshidi bone marrow bioptic instrument. Histologically, the lesion consisted of a non-encapsulated, multilobulated mass composed of dense coalescing trabeculae of well-differentiated bone, which was lined by osteogenic cells. The morphology was suggestive of nasal osteoma. Due to the large size of the mass, evidenced by computed tomography, chronic systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment with carprofen was proposed instead of surgery. The description of this case is useful for veterinarians, who should consider osteoma as a possible differential diagnosis for nasal tumours

Ultrasonogaphic measurement of thickness of the gastrointestinal wall layers both in-vivo and ex-vivo in clinically New Zealand rabbits

The aim of this study was to compare the high resolution ultrasonographic appearance and measurements of the gastrointestinal wall layers "in vivo" and "ex vivo". Five healthy White New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. All gastrointestinal ultrasonographic examinations were performed by the same sonographer using a real-time ultrasound machine with a high frequency (17-5 MHz) linear array transducer "in vivo" and "ex vivo" respectively. Thickness of the total gastrointestinal wall in its different tracts (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, sacculus rotundus, caecum, apex ceci, ansa spiralis coli, colon descendens) and, when it was possible, the thickness of each of its layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa) were obtained. Statistical differences between in-vivo and ex-vivo measurements were only found in ileum, caecum and apex ceci. Values provided in this study can be useful as baseline reference when evaluating rabbit GI disorders that can have different degree of gastrointestinal layer involvement

Use of contrast\u2010enhanced ultrasonography for the characterization of tumor thrombi in seven dogs

Tumors of adrenal and thyroid glands have been associated with vascular invasions\u2014socalled tumor thrombi, both in humans and dogs. The detection and characterization of venous thrombi is an important diagnostic step in patients with primary tumors for both surgical planning and prognosis. The aim of this study was to describe the use of contrast\u2010enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for the characterization of tumor thrombi. Dogs with tumor thrombus who underwent bidimensional ultrasound (B\u2010mode US) and CEUS were included. Seven dogs were enrolled in this retrospective case series. On B\u2010mode US, all thrombi were visualized, and vascular distension and thrombus\u2010tumor continuity were seen in three and two cases, respectively. On color Doppler examination, all thrombi were identified, seemed non\u2010occlusive and only two presented vascularity. On CEUS, arterial\u2010phase enhancement and washout in the venous phase were observed in all cases. Non\u2010enhancing areas were identified in the tumor thrombi most likely representing nonvascularized tissue that could potentially be embolized in the lungs after fragmentation of the tumor thrombi. On the basis of these preliminary study, CEUS appeared to be useful for the characterization of malignant intravascular invasion

Ultrasonographic features of intestinal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis in 10 dogs

Intestinal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis (ILL) is a granulomatous inflammation of the lymphatic vessels of the intestinal wall and mesentery characterized by lipogranulomas. The purpose of this retrospective, multi-center, case series study is to report the ultrasonographic features of canine ILL. Ten dogs with a histologically confirmed ILL undergoing preoperative abdominal ultrasound were retrospectively included. Additional CT was available in two cases. Lesion distribution was focal in eight dogs and multifocal in two. All dogs presented with intestinal wall thickening and two had a concomitant mesenteric mass adjacent to the intestinal lesion. All lesions were in the small intestine. Ultrasonographic features were altered wall layering with predominantly muscular and to a lesser extent submucosal layer thickening. Other findings included hyperechoic nodular tissue within the muscular, serosa/subserosal, and mucosal layers, hyperechoic perilesional mesentery, enlarged submucosal blood/lymphatic vessels, mild peritoneal effusion, intestinal corrugation, and mild lymphadenomegaly. The two intestinal to mesenteric masses presented heterogeneous echostructure, predominantly hyperechoic with multiple hypo/anechoic cavitations filled with mixed fluid and fat attenuation content on CT. Histopathological findings included lymphangiectasia, granulomatous inflammation, and structured lipogranulomas affecting mainly submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The intestinal to mesenteric cavitary masses revealed severe granulomatous peritonitis with steatonecrosis. In conclusion, ILL should be considered as a differential diagnosis for dogs with this combination of ultrasonographic features