Pricing of drugs and donations: options for sustainable equity pricing.

Effective medicines exist to treat or alleviate many diseases which predominate in the developing world and cause high mortality and morbidity rates. Price should not be an obstacle preventing access to these medicines. Increasingly, drug donations have been established by drug companies, but these are often limited in time, place or use. Measures exist which are more sustainable and will have a greater positive impact on people's health. Principally, these are encouraging generic competition; adopting into national legislation and implementing TRIPS safeguards to gain access to cheaper sources of drugs; differential pricing; creating high volume or high demand through global and regional procurement; and supporting the production of quality generic drugs by developing countries through voluntary licenses if needed, and facilitating technology transfer

On 3+1 anti-de Sitter and de Sitter Lie bialgebras with dimensionful deformation parameters

We analyze among all possible quantum deformations of the 3+1 (anti)de Sitter algebras, so(3,2) and so(4,1), which have two specific non-deformed or primitive commuting operators: the time translation/energy generator and a rotation. We prove that under these conditions there are only two families of two-parametric (anti)de Sitter Lie bialgebras. All the deformation parameters appearing in the bialgebras are dimensionful ones and they may be related to the Planck length. Some properties conveyed by the corresponding quantum deformations (zero-curvature and non-relativistic limits, space isotropy,...) are studied and their dual (first-order) non-commutative spacetimes are also presented.Comment: 7 pages. Communication presented in the XIII Int.Colloq. Integrable Systems and Quantum Groups, June 17-19, 2004, Prague, Czech Republic. Some misprints and dimensions of parameters have been fitte

Non-commutative relativistic spacetimes and worldlines from 2+1 quantum (anti-)de Sitter groups

The $\kappa$-deformation of the (2+1)D anti-de Sitter, Poincar\'e and de Sitter groups is presented through a unified approach in which the curvature of the spacetime (or the cosmological constant) is considered as an explicit parameter. The Drinfel'd-double and the Poisson-Lie structure underlying the $\kappa$-deformation are explicitly given, and the three quantum kinematical groups are obtained as quantizations of such Poisson-Lie algebras. As a consequence, the non-commutative (2+1)D spacetimes that generalize the $\kappa$-Minkowski space to the (anti-)de Sitter ones are obtained. Moreover, noncommutative 4D spaces of (time-like) geodesics can be defined, and they can be interpreted as a novel possibility to introduce non-commutative worldlines. Furthermore, quantum (anti-)de Sitter algebras are presented both in the known basis related with 2+1 quantum gravity and in a new one which generalizes the bicrossproduct one. In this framework, the quantum deformation parameter is related with the Planck length, and the existence of a kind of "duality" between the cosmological constant and the Planck scale is also envisaged.Comment: 25 pages. Updated version with more content, comments and reference

Assessment of fissionable material behaviour in fission chambers

A comprehensive study is performed in order to assess the pertinence of fission chambers coated with different fissile materials for high neutron flux detection. Three neutron scenarios are proposed to study the fast component of a high neutron flux: (i) high neutron flux with a significant thermal contribution such as BR2, (ii) DEMO magnetic fusion reactor, and (iii) IFMIF high flux test module. In this study, the inventory code ACAB is used to analyze the following questions: (i) impact of different deposits in fission chambers; (ii) effect of the irradiation time/burn-up on the concentration; (iii) impact of activation cross-section uncertainties on the composition of the deposit for all the range of burn-up/irradiation neutron fluences of interest. The complete set of nuclear data (decay, fission yield, activation cross-sections, and uncertainties) provided in the EAF2007 data library are used for this evaluation

Superintegrability on N-dimensional spaces of constant curvature from so(N+1) and its contractions

The Lie-Poisson algebra so(N+1) and some of its contractions are used to construct a family of superintegrable Hamiltonians on the ND spherical, Euclidean, hyperbolic, Minkowskian and (anti-)de Sitter spaces. We firstly present a Hamiltonian which is a superposition of an arbitrary central potential with N arbitrary centrifugal terms. Such a system is quasi-maximally superintegrable since this is endowed with 2N-3 functionally independent constants of the motion (plus the Hamiltonian). Secondly, we identify two maximally superintegrable Hamiltonians by choosing a specific central potential and finding at the same time the remaining integral. The former is the generalization of the Smorodinsky-Winternitz system to the above six spaces, while the latter is a generalization of the Kepler-Coulomb potential, for which the Laplace-Runge-Lenz N-vector is also given. All the systems and constants of the motion are explicitly expressed in a unified form in terms of ambient and polar coordinates as they are parametrized by two contraction parameters (curvature and signature of the metric).Comment: 14 pages. Based on the contribution presented at the "XII International Conference on Symmetry Methods in Physics", Yerevan (Armenia), July 2006. To appear in Physics of Atomic Nucle

Superintegrability on sl(2)-coalgebra spaces

We review a recently introduced set of N-dimensional quasi-maximally superintegrable Hamiltonian systems describing geodesic motions, that can be used to generate "dynamically" a large family of curved spaces. From an algebraic viewpoint, such spaces are obtained through kinetic energy Hamiltonians defined on either the sl(2) Poisson coalgebra or a quantum deformation of it. Certain potentials on these spaces and endowed with the same underlying coalgebra symmetry have been also introduced in such a way that the superintegrability properties of the full system are preserved. Several new N=2 examples of this construction are explicitly given, and specific Hamiltonians leading to spaces of non-constant curvature are emphasized.Comment: 12 pages. Based on the contribution presented at the "XII International Conference on Symmetry Methods in Physics", Yerevan (Armenia), July 2006. To appear in Physics of Atomic Nucle

Hydrogen Bonding Donor–Acceptor Carbon Nanostructure

The natural process of photosynthesis is paradigmatic in converting sunlight into energy. This complicated process requires a cascade of energy- and electron-transfer events in a highly organised matrix of electron–donor, electron–acceptor and antennae units and has prompted researchers to emulate it. In fact, energy- and electron-transfer processes play a pivotal role in molecular-scale optoelectronics. In this chapter we compile a number of remarkable examples of noncovalent aggregates formed by the combination of carbon-based electroactive species (fullerenes and carbon nanotubes) hydrogen bonded with a variety of moieties. We will show that: (a) the connection of complementary electroactive species by means of H bonds in C60-based donor–acceptor ensembles is at least as efficient as that found in covalently connected systems; (b) hydrogen-bonding fullerene chemistry is a versatile concept to construct supramolecular polymers, and (c) H-bonding interactions is contributing to create very appealing carbon-nanotube-based donor–acceptor supramolecular architectures

Lie bialgebra contractions and quantum deformations of quasi-orthogonal algebras

Lie bialgebra contractions are introduced and classified. A non-degenerate coboundary bialgebra structure is implemented into all pseudo-orthogonal algebras $so(p,q)$ starting from the one corresponding to $so(N+1)$. It allows to introduce a set of Lie bialgebra contractions which leads to Lie bialgebras of quasi-orthogonal algebras. This construction is explicitly given for the cases $N=2,3,4$. All Lie bialgebra contractions studied in this paper define Hopf algebra contractions for the Drinfel'd-Jimbo deformations $U_z so(p,q)$. They are explicitly used to generate new non-semisimple quantum algebras as it is the case for the Euclidean, Poincar\'e and Galilean algebras.Comment: 26 pages LATE