Internal Finishing of Aluminium Tube with Sintered Magnetic Abrasive

There has been a rapid growth in the development of harder and complex shapes to machine metals and alloys during the last few years. Conventional edged tool machining is difficult and uneconomical for such materials and degree of surface finish attainable is poor. In view of the seriousness of this problem, recently new non-conventional fine machining processes like Magnetic Abrasive Polishing, Magnetic Abrasive Flow Machining (MAFM), Magnetic Float Machining (MFM) and Magnetic Abrasive Machining (MAM), Magneto ndashRheological Machining (MRM), Chemo-Mechanical Polishing (CMP) have been developed. Among these processes lsquoMagnetic Abrasive Finishing processes are widely used for obtaining quality finish on metallic (ferrous and non ferrous) as well as non metallic (ceramics) components. MAF process has been recently used in its variant forms such as Magnetic float polishing, Magneto-rheological machining, Electrolytic magnetic polishing but the problem of development of magnetic abrasive powders is still present and efforts are in continuous progress at global to remove this problem.nbspIn the MAF method, a magnetic field is used to generate cutting force to treat the surface of a machined part. The magnetic field helps to form a flexible magnetic abrasives brush for finishing of surface.nbsp Finishing force can be controlled with magnetic field and a low surface temperature is generated during finishing operations. Magnetic abrasives are not easily available. Very few studies have been reported till date on the development of alternative magnetic abrasives. The aim of study is to evaluate the performance of developed sintered magnetic abrasives for internal finishing of aluminium tubes using MAF process. PISF is calculated nbspconsidering different variables like speed (rpm) , quantity of abrasive and gap of magnetic pole and work piece.nbsp Preparation of sintered magnetic abrasive was difficult and time consuming. The best result came at 425 rpm and quantity of abrasive used 6 gm. PISF value obtained in present case was 84 % . nbs

A FAST AND SENSITIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HYDRAZINE IN ATAZANAVIR SULFATE DRUG SUBSTANCE

Objective: To develop a fast and sensitive UV spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of Hydrazine in Atazanavir Sulfate drug substances and validate as per ICH guidelines. Methods: The method was based upon the observation, that a characteristic colour results upon addition of a solution of p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in ethyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid to hydrazine and estimated at absorbance maximum  458 nm in Atazanavir drug substance. Results: The developed method resulted in Hydrazine exhibiting linearity in the range 0.2 to 2.7 µg/g. The Intraday and interday precision is exemplified by relative standard deviation of 0.959 % and 0.947%. Percentage Mean recovery was found to be in the range of 97â€101%, during accuracy studies. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitiation (LOQ) were found to be 0.2 µg/g and 0.6 µg/g respectively. Conclusion: The present work was aimed to develop a visible spectrophotometric method, which is simple, sensitive, accurate and cost effective to evaluate the quality of the bulk and pharmaceutical formulations

Assessment of Groundwater Quality using Water Quality Index (WQI) in Kulpahar watershed, District Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh, India

The continuous stress on groundwater due to its overexploitation and rampant use which is indispensable to the quality of life on the earth. The study area is occupied by Precambrian basement comprised of Bundelkhand massif unconformably overlain by Quaternary sediments consisting of alluvium, clay, silt, sand and gravel. The present study deals with the various geochemical characteristic of groundwater and henceforth assess the water quality index (WQI) which is an important criterion for the determination of drinking water quality of the area. The WQI is significant unique digital rating expression to decipher the overall quality of groundwater viz. excellent, good, poor, etc. that is helpful for selecting appropriate and economically feasible treatment process to cope up with the concerned quality issues. It is one of the most relevant and effective tool for educating the people residing in the area concerned and policy-makers about water quality. An attempt has been made to understand the suitability of groundwater for human consumption in hard rock terrain of Bundelkhand region particularly in Kulpahar watershed, district Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh using WQI. The WQI has been calculated considering twenty parameters of twenty-two groundwater samples of different locations of the study area. These parameters pH, EC, TDS, alkalinity, total hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCOᶾ⁻, SO₄2⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, NO₃⁻, Ag, Cu, Fe,  Mn, Ni, Zn. The WQI in the study area ranges from 4.75 to 115.93.  The extreme southern part of the Kulpahar watershed, district Mahoba of Bundelkhand region is dominant with poor groundwater quality. The higher value of WQI indicative of poor quality has been observed which is mainly due to the higher values of EC, fluoride, nitrate, manganese, and nickel in the groundwater. The study suggests that groundwater quality in Panwari Block mainly belongs to excellent and good categories. A remarkable portion in the southern part of Jaitpur block is affected by poor to unsuitable category and needs sincere effort for a detailed zonation at micro-level to understand properly and provide accurate information to the residents as well as policy makers

A Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Impurities in Montelukast Sodium

Abstract: The present paper describes the development of a reverse phase chromatographic (RPLC) method for montelukast sodium in the presence of its impurities and degradation products generated from forced degradation studies. The drug substance was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation. The degradation of montelukast sodium was observed under acid and oxidative environment. The drug was found to be stable in other stress conditions studied. Successful separation of the drug from the process impurities and degradation products formed under stress conditions were achieved on an Atlantis dC18 (250 x 4.6 mm) 5 µm column. The gradient LC method employs solution A and solution B as mobile phase. The solution A contains aqueous 0.1% OPA and solution B contains a mixture of water, acetonitrile (5:95 v/v). The HPLC method was developed and validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and ruggedness

Sinteza i farmakološko ispitivanje novih 4-(3-etilfenil)-1-supstituiranih 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]kinazolin-5-ona kao nove klase H1-antihistaminika

A series of novel 4-(3-ethylphenyl)-1-substituted-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-5-ones (4a-j) were synthesized by the cyclization of 3-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-hydrazino-3H-quinazolin-4-one (3) with various one-carbon donors. The starting material, compound 3, was synthesized from 3-ethyl aniline by a new innovative route with improved yield. When tested for their in vivo H1-antihistaminic activity on conscious guinea pigs, all test compounds protected the animals from histamine induced bronchospasm significantly. Compound 4-(3-ethylphenyl)-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-5-one (4b) emerged as the most active compound of the series and it is more potent (74.6 % protection) compared to the reference standard chlorpheniramine maleate (71 % protection). Compound 4b shows negligible sedation (10 %) compared to chlorpheniramine maleate (30 %). Therefore compound 4b can serve as the leading compound for further development of a new class of H1-antihistamines.Ciklizacijom 3-(3-etilfenil)-2-hidrazino-3H-kinazolin-4-ona (3) s različitim donorima jednog C atoma sintetizirana je serija novih 4-(3-etilfenil)-1-supstituiranih 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]kinazolin-5-ona (4a-j). Početni spoj 3 pripravljen je iz 3-etil anilina na novi, inovativni način, s poboljšanim iskorištenjem. U testovima in vivo na zamorcima, svi testirani spojevi pokazali su značajno zaštitno djelovanje protiv bronhospazma induciranog histaminom. Spoj 4-(3-etilfenil)-1-metil-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]kinazolin-5-on (4b) najaktivniji je među testiranim spojevima (zaštita 74.6 %) i jači od referentnog standarda klorfeniramin maleata (zaštita 71 %). Spoj 4b pokazuje zanemarivu sedaciju (10 %) u usporedbi s klorfeniramin maleatom (30 %). Stoga spoj 4b može biti vodeći spoj za daljnji razvoj nove klase H1-antihistaminika

Heme metabolism genes Downregulated in COPD Cachexia.

IntroductionCachexia contributes to increased mortality and reduced quality of life in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and may be associated with underlying gene expression changes. Our goal was to identify differential gene expression signatures associated with COPD cachexia in current and former smokers.MethodsWe analyzed whole-blood gene expression data from participants with COPD in a discovery cohort (COPDGene, N = 400) and assessed replication (ECLIPSE, N = 114). To approximate the consensus definition using available criteria, cachexia was defined as weight-loss > 5% in the past 12 months or low body mass index (BMI) (< 20 kg/m2) and 1/3 criteria: decreased muscle strength (six-minute walk distance < 350 m), anemia (hemoglobin < 12 g/dl), and low fat-free mass index (FFMI) (< 15 kg/m2 among women and < 17 kg/m2 among men) in COPDGene. In ECLIPSE, cachexia was defined as weight-loss > 5% in the past 12 months or low BMI and 3/5 criteria: decreased muscle strength, anorexia, abnormal biochemistry (anemia or high c-reactive protein (> 5 mg/l)), fatigue, and low FFMI. Differential gene expression was assessed between cachectic and non-cachectic subjects, adjusting for age, sex, white blood cell counts, and technical covariates. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed using MSigDB.ResultsThe prevalence of COPD cachexia was 13.7% in COPDGene and 7.9% in ECLIPSE. Fourteen genes were differentially downregulated in cachectic versus non-cachectic COPD patients in COPDGene (FDR < 0.05) and ECLIPSE (FDR < 0.05).DiscussionSeveral replicated genes regulating heme metabolism were downregulated among participants with COPD cachexia. Impaired heme biosynthesis may contribute to cachexia development through free-iron buildup and oxidative tissue damage

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Not AvailablePhytic acid (PA) is an important antinutritional component in maize that affects the availability of major micro-nutrients like di- and multivalent mineral cations like iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The long-term consumption of maize as a staple food crop leads to micronutrient malnutrition especially iron and zinc deficiency in the human population. In addition, it also acts as a storehouse of a major part of mineral phosphorous (P), approximately 80% of the total P stored as phytate P is not available to monogastric animals like humans and poultry birds, and it gets excreted as such, leading to one of the major environmental pollution called eutrophication. Of the various low phytic acid (lpa) mutants, lpa2-2 generated through mutagenesis reduces PA by 30%. BML 6 and BML 45, the parents of the popular maize hybrid DHM 121 with high PA were selected to introgress lpa2-2 through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). The percent recurrent parental genome (RPG) in the selected BC2F2 plants ranged from 88.68 to 91.04% and 90.09–91.51% in the genetic background of BML 6 and BML 45, respectively. Based on the highest percentage of RPG, best five BC2F2 plants, viz., #3190, #3283, #3230, #3263 and #3292 with RPG 88.68–91.04% in the genetic background of BML 6 and #3720, #3776, #3717, #3828 and #3832 with RPG 90.09–91.51% in the genetic background of BML 45 were advanced to BC2F3. The newly developed near-isogenic lines (NILs) possessed low phytate content (2.37 mg/g in BML 6 and 2.40 mg/g in BML 45) compared to 3.59 mg/g and 3.16 mg/g in recurrent parents BML 6 and BML 45, respectively thereby reducing the phytate by an average of 34 and 24 per cent, respectively. These newly developed progenies were similar to their recurrent parents for various morphological traits. These inbreds assume great significance in alleviating Fe and Zn deficiencies in worldwide.Not Availabl

Razvoj i vrednovanje dvoslojnih tableta propranolol hidroklorida

The objective of the present research was to develop a bilayer tablet of propranolol hydrochloride using superdisintegrant sodium starch glycolate for the fast release layer and water immiscible polymers such as ethyl cellulose, Eudragit RLPO and Eudragit RSPO for the sustaining layer. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out in a USP 24 apparatus I. The formulations gave an initial burst effect to provide the loading dose of the drug followed by sustained release for 12 hrs from the sustaining layer of matrix embedded tablets. In vitro dissolution kinetics followed the Higuchi model via a non-Fickian diffusion controlled release mechanism after the initial burst release. FT-IR studies revealed that there was no interaction between the drug and polymers used in the study. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed no significant difference in the cumulative amount of drug release after 15 min, but significant difference (p 0.005) in the amount of drug released after 12 h from optimized formulations was observed.U radu je opisan razvoj dvoslojnih tableta propranolol hidroklorida, koristeći superdezintegrator škrob glikolat natrij u sloju za brzo oslobađanje i polimere koji se ne miješaju s vodom (etil celuloza, Eudragit RLPO i Eudragit RSPO) u sloju za usporeno oslobađanje. In vitro oslobađanje praćeno je u USP aparatu I te je uočeno početno naglo oslobađanje ljekovite tvari iza kojeg slijedi polagano oslobađanje tijekom 12 sati. In vitro kinetika oslobađanja prati Higouchijev model, dok mehanizam kontroliranog oslobađanja ne slijedi Fickov zakon poslije početnog naglog oslobađanja. FT-IR studije ukazuju da nema interakcije između ljekovite tvari i polimera upotrebljenih u oblikovanju. Statistička analiza (ANOVA) nije pokazala značajne razlike u kumulativnoj količini oslobođenog lijeka iz optimiranih formulacija poslije 15 minuta i polije 12 h

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio