Magnetic Resonance (MR) rectography in diagnostics of small-size rectal neoplasms

Purpose was the assessment of diagnostic efficiency of MR-rectography in diagnostics of small-size rectal neoplasms. 12 patients with polyps and small tumors of a rectum are examined, the size of detected neoplasms varied in the range 3-18 mm. Native MRI and MRI with retrograde contrasting by ultrasonic gel was carried out. Results of MRI are compared with results of videocolonoscopy. Sensitivity of native MRT was 24%, MR- rectography was 88%. MR-rectography can be used in diagnostics of small-size rectal neoplasms

Анализ эффективности тромбопрофилактики у беременных с мезенхимальной дисплазией

the analysis of the effectiveness of thromboprophylaxis among pregnant women with mesenchymal dysplasia was carried out. It was concluded that it reduces the risk of thrombohemorrhagic complications and accordingly the economic costs of medical care.проведен анализ эффективности тромбопрофилактики у беременных с мезенхимальной дисплазией, при использовании которой во время беременности у таких пациенток снижается риск возникновения тромбогеморрагических осложнений и, следовательно, уменьшаются финансовые затраты

Новые возможности лучевой визуализации в диагностике местнораспространенного рака шейки матки

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer after breast cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related death followed by breast and lung cancers among women worldwide. advances in diagnostic imaging techniques provide better assessment of regional and distant cervical cancer metastasis. the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a revolutionary imaging modality; it has several advantages over ct: no radiation exposure, nephrotoxicity, obtaining real-time information, relatively low cost and ease of use. currently, the contrast agent sonoVue is widely used in ultrasound imaging of liver, kidneys and pancreas lesions, as well as for closed abdominal injuries, multiple organ failure, breast and prostate cancers, etc. However, the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in gynecology is not clearly established. one of the most effective tools for the detection of locally advanced cervical cancer is mRi, which is used mainly to determine the local extent of the tumor. However, the use of functional mRitechniques has not yet been included in the standards. cervical cancer tissue has been found to show significantly lower diffusion-weighted imaging (dWi) values than normal cervical tissue, thus facilitating the detection of tumor and its spread. dWiis also used for differentiating changes after biopsy from residual tumor and for identifying small lymph nodes. the pEt/cttechnique combines the metabolic images of pEtwith anatomical images of ctand is more accurate than high resolution ctalone, especially in determining the involvement of regional lymph nodes and distant organs. 18-Fdg-pEt/cthas been successfully used for accurate staging of the disease (especially late stage), assessment of treatment response, radiotherapy planning, and detection of disease progression. in patients with advanced stages of cervical cancer (iiBiV stage), the 18-Fdg-pEt/ ctfindings can determine the treatment strategy in most cases, primarily due to high sensitivity (75–100 %) and specificity (87–100 %) in the detection of lymph node metastases.Рак шейки матки (РШМ) является второй по распространенности онкологической патологией у женщин после рака молочной железы, при этом показатели смертности занимают третье место после рака молочной железы и рака легкого. Прогресс развития лучевых методов диагностики способствует более адекватной оценке местной и отдаленной распространенности рака шейки матки. Использование контраста в эхографии признано революционным в лучевой диагностике, обладает рядом преимуществ перед КТ: отсутствие лучевой нагрузки, нефротоксичности, получение информации в режиме реального времени, относительно низкая стоимость и простота в применении. В настоящее время в мире используется контрастный препарат Соновью для ультразвукового исследования очаговых поражений печени, почек, поджелудочной железы, при закрытой травме живота, полиорганном поражении, при новообразованиях молочной железы, при раке предстательной железы и др. Однако роль ультразвукового метода с контрастным усилением в гинекологии не определена. Одним из наиболее прогрессивных методов диагностики местнораспространенного рака шейки матки является магнитно-резонансная томография, которая используется главным образом для определения местной распространенности процесса. В то же время применение функциональных методик МРТ до сих пор не включено в стандарты. Однако исследователями доказано, что РШМ показывает значительно более низкие значения диффузии (dWi), чем нормальная ткань шейки, облегчая обнаружение опухоли и определение степени ее распространенности. dWiтакже используется для дифференциальной диагностики между изменениями после биопсии и остаточной опухолью и способствует выявлению лимфатических узлов небольших размеров. Совмещенная методика позитронно-эмиссионная томография/компьютерная томография объединяет метаболические изображения ПЭТ с анатомическими изображениями КТ и более точна, чем только одна КТ с высоким разрешением, особенно в определении вовлечения регионарных лимфатических узлов и отдаленных органов. Современными исследованиями установлено, что применение 18-фтордезоксиглюкозы (18-ФДГ) с ПЭТ/КТ позволяет более надежно определить стадию заболевания (особенно позднюю) и, как следствие, его прогноз, оценить эффективность лечения, планировать лучевую терапию, а также выявить прогрессирование заболевания. У пациенток с запущенными стадиями РШМ (iiB–iV стадии) именно результаты 18-ФДГ-ПЭТ/КТ в большинстве случаев способны повлиять на тактику лечения, в первую очередь благодаря высокой чувствительности (75–100 %) и специфичности (87–100 %) в диагностике метастатического поражения лимфоузлов

ОЦЕНКА СТЕПЕНИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТИ РАКА ШЕЙКИ МАТКИ ПРИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ МРТ

Findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were analyzed for patients with cervical cancer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of high-field MRI in the assessment of extension of cervical cancer for planning further treatment. The study included 66 cervical cancer patients. MRI was performed using MAGNETOM ESSENZA 1.5Т (SIEMENS, Germany) MRI scanner. To assess tumor extension and define tumor margins, an intravenous bolus injection of paramagnetic contrast agent was used. Series of sections and delayed scans in the standard T1-weighted sequence were obtained. The analysis of diagnostic value of MRI in the assessment of the extent of cervical cancer spread was carried out. Criteria characterizing tumor extension outside the cervix were identified.Для оценки   возможностей высокопольной МРТ в определении степени распространенности рака шейки матки проанализированы данные магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ), выполненной 66 пациенткам. МР-томография выполнялась на МР-сканере MAGNETOM ESSENZA (SIEMENS, Германия) с напряженностью магнитного поля 1,5 Т. Применялось внутривенное болюсное введение парамагнетика, с получением динамической серии срезов и отсроченных сканов в стандартной Т1-взвешенной последовательности. Проведен анализ диагностической ценности МРТ в определении стадирования опухолевого процесса, выявлены критерии, характеризующие распространение опухоли за пределы шейки матки

СЛУЧАЙ ПЕРВИЧНО-МНОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ СИНХРОННЫХ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ ОПУХОЛЕЙ: АДЕНОКАРЦИНОМЫ ШЕЙКИ МАТКИ И СИНХРОННОГО ПЛОСКОКЛЕТОЧНОГО РАКА ЯИЧНИКОВ

A rare clinical case of synchronous cervical adenocarcinoma and primary squamous cell ovarian carcinoma has been presented. Epidemiological and treatment aspects have been analyzed.Представлен редкий клинический случай сочетания аденокарциномы шейки матки и первичного плоскоклеточного рака яичников, рассмотрены вопросы эпидемиологии данных нозологий, тактика лечения

Analysis of the dynamics and structure of morbidity of athletes of the national teams of Moscow based on the results of medical examination

Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the structure and dynamics of morbidity of athletes, members of sports teams of the city of Moscow based on the results of an in-depth medical examination in the period 2017–2021.Materials and methods: The data of the medical examination of athletes, which took place at the Moscow scientific and Practical Center for Medical Rehabilitation, restorative and sports medicine, including instrumental, functional and laboratory studies from 2017 to 2021, were analyzed. In 2017, 15176 athletes were examined, in 2018 and 2019, 11200, in 2020, 10080 people and in 2021–11922 athletes.Results: The results of the study showed an increase in the proportion of amenorrhea within the triad of athletes, an increase in general therapeutic morbidity, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, among which the proportion of secondary hyperbilirubinemia in 2021 increased 3 times compared to 2020, which, in our opinion, is also due to the impact of the pandemic and quarantine restrictions.The high prevalence of ophthalmological morbidity of athletes and changes in the cardiovascular system is shown. During 2017–2021, a change in the structure of cardiac morbidity was revealed in the form of an increase in the proportion of cardiac arrhythmias and hypertensive response to stress.An increase in the endocrine morbidity of athletes in 2021 was revealed due to an increase in the proportion of hypothyroidism and more frequent detection of hyperthyroidism, possibly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires further research.There was also an increase in diseases of the skin and genitourinary system in athletes. Psychological problems of athletes increased during the observation period from 2017 to 2021. There was no significant dynamics of surgical and traumatological diseases, otolaryngological pathologу.Conclusion: The results of the study indicate the importance of regular full-fledged examination of athletes, identification of various functional disorders and diseases for their timely prevention and treatment in order to preserve the health of athletes and improve athletic performance

Estrogen- and Progesterone (P4)-Mediated Epigenetic Modifications of Endometrial Stromal Cells (EnSCs) and/or Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) in the Etiopathogenesis of Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a common chronic inflammatory condition in which endometrial tissue appears outside the uterine cavity. Because ectopic endometriosis cells express both estrogen and progesterone (P4) receptors, they grow and undergo cyclic proliferation and breakdown similar to the endometrium. This debilitating gynecological disease affects up to 15% of reproductive aged women. Despite many years of research, the etiopathogenesis of endometrial lesions remains unclear. Retrograde transport of the viable menstrual endometrial cells with retained ability for attachment within the pelvic cavity, proliferation, differentiation and subsequent invasion into the surrounding tissue constitutes the rationale for widely accepted implantation theory. Accordingly, the most abundant cells in the endometrium are endometrial stromal cells (EnSCs). These cells constitute a particular population with clonogenic activity that resembles properties of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Thus, a significant role of stem cell-based dysfunction in formation of the initial endometrial lesions is suspected. There is increasing evidence that the role of epigenetic mechanisms and processes in endometriosis have been underestimated. The importance of excess estrogen exposure and P4 resistance in epigenetic homeostasis failure in the endometrial/endometriotic tissue are crucial. Epigenetic alterations regarding transcription factors of estrogen and P4 signaling pathways in MSCs are robust in endometriotic tissue. Thus, perspectives for the future may include MSCs and EnSCs as the targets of epigenetic therapies in the prevention and treatment of endometriosis. Here, we reviewed the current known changes in the epigenetic background of EnSCs and MSCs due to estrogen/P4 imbalances in the context of etiopathogenesis of endometriosis