An hypothesis to explain the ultrafiltration characteristics of peritoneal dialysis

Net removal of fluid and sodium from the body during peritoneal dialysis is accomplished with dialysis solutions that contain high glucose concentrations and are hyperosmolar to body fluid [1]. Commercially available peritoneal dialysis solutions contain glucose concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 4.25 g/dl and have osmolalities ranging from 334 to 490 mOsm/kg H2O. The solutions also contain concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium, and calcium that approach those of normal extracellular fluid. Acetate or lactate, rather than bicarbonate, is used as the nonchloride anion. Potassium may be added or, depending on the need for potassium removal, solutions may be potassium-free

Large single crystal growth of BaFe1.87Co0.13As2 using a nucleation pole

Co-doped iron arsenic single crystal of BaFe1.87Co0.13As2 with dimension up to 20 x 10 x 2 mm3 were grown by a nucleation pole: an alumina stick served as nucleation center during growth. The high quality of crystalline was illustrated by the measurements of neutron rocking curve and X-ray diffraction pattern. A very sharp superconducting transition temperature Tc~25 K was revealed by both resistivity and susceptibility measurements. A nearly 100% shielding fraction and bulk nature of the superconductivity for the single crystal were confirmed using magnetic susceptibility data.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Electron-phonon interaction and spectral weight transfer in Fe1−x_{1-x}Cox_{x}Si

A comprehensive ellipsometric study was performed on Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$Si single crystals in the spectral range from 0.01 eV to 6.2 eV. Direct and indirect band gaps of 73 meV and 10 meV, respectively, were observed in FeSi at 7 K. One of four infrared-active phonons that is energetically close to the direct absorption edge is coupled both to the electrons and to the low-energy phonon. This is evident from asymmetry in the phonon line shape and a reduction of its frequency when the absorption edge shifts across the phonon energy due to the temperature dependence of the direct band gap. As the temperature increases, the indirect gap changes sign, which manifests as a transition from a semiconductor to a semimetal. The corresponding gain of the spectral weight at low energies was recovered within an energy range of several eV. The present findings strongly support the model indicating that Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$Si can be well described in an itinerant picture, taking into account self-energy corrections.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figure

An economic evaluation of vaccination in children against meningococcal infection in Moscow

Meningococcal infection (MI) is one of the most serious and life-threatening with an average mortality rate of 15 %. Infection accounts for the largest number of deaths of all infectious diseases among children under 17 years of age. Aim. Using simulation mathematical modeling to evaluate the potential epidemiological and economic benefits of vaccination against MI for children under the age of 1 year in Moscow with a Meningococcal (Groups A, C, Y and W-135) Polysaccharide Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine. Methods. The assessment of potential indicators of morbidity and mortality of children under the age of 1 year after vaccination in a hypothetic cohort was carried out, considering a period of the stable post-vaccination immunity. Data were compared with the indicators of the MI incidence in Moscow. Monetary equivalents of economic benefits are calculated, considering the cost of vaccination, direct and indirect costs. Results. It is possible to reduce the number of MI cases by 73 %, mortality by an average on 85 % after vaccination, in the horizon of 5 years of maintaining immunity tension, Vaccination of children under one year old can reduce the number of disability cases that occur after severe forms of infection. As a result, the economic impact from the mentioned disease can be reduced by 75 %. Conclusion. The resulting economic benefits in the future may significantly exceed the cost of vaccination. It seems expedient to accelerate the introduction of vaccination of children's contingents against MI

Electron transport and anisotropy of the upper critical magnetic field in a Ba0.68K0.32Fe2As2 single crystals

Early work on the iron-arsenide compounds supported the view, that a reduced dimensionality might be a necessary prerequisite for high-Tc superconductivity. Later, however, it was found that the zero-temperature upper critical magnetic field, Hc2(0), for the 122 iron pnictides is in fact rather isotropic. Here, we report measurements of the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity, \Gamma(T), in Ba0.5K0.5Fe2As2 and Ba0.68K0.32Fe2As2 single crystals in zero magnetic field and for Ba0.68K0.32Fe2As2 as well in static and pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 T. We find that the resistivity of both compounds in zero field is well described by an exponential term due to inter-sheet umklapp electron-phonon scattering between light electrons around the M point to heavy hole sheets at the \Gamma point in reciprocal space. From our data, we construct an H-T phase diagram for the inter-plane (H || c) and in-plane (H || ab) directions for Ba0.68K0.32Fe2As2. Contrary to published data for underdoped 122 FeAs compounds, we find that Hc2(T) is in fact anisotropic in optimally doped samples down to low temperatures. The anisotropy parameter, {\gamma} = Habc2/Hcc2, is about 2.2 at Tc. For both field orientations we find a concave curvature of the Hc2 lines with decreasing anisotropy and saturation towards lower temperature. Taking into account Pauli spin paramagnetism we perfectly can describe Hc2(T) and its anisotropy.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

МАСАЖ ТА ЛІКУВАЛЬНА ФІЗИЧНА КУЛЬТУРА ЯК ЗАСОБИ ФІЗИЧНОЇ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ ПРИ РІЗНОВИДАХ СКОЛІОЗУ В ДОРОСЛИХ ТА ДІТЕЙ З ПОРУШЕННЯМИ ОПОРНО-РУХОВОГО АПАРАТУ

Scoliosis leads to the development of anatomical disorders. The difficulty lies in the fact that scoliosis in the early stages of the disease may not be noticeable, and an increase in the duration of the disease leads to a reduction in the chances of success in the treatment. The body, trying to restore the vertical balance of the spine, forms additional distortion. The aim – to describe the methods of working with children from the age group of 9 to 16 years old with acquired grade 2 scoliosis and their effect on the final result, namely, the difference in degree of deformation in degrees (on an X-ray) and visual changes (according to anthropometric data). Material and Methods. Used methods of diagnostics and physical rehabilitation for the correction of scoliosis of different degrees in the treatment of children aged from 6 to 12 years with the specified pathology. Results. In the development of scoliosis, the intervertebral discs undergo high pressure on one side and low – on the other, resulting in being displaced in the direction of low pressure, rather than increasing the existing asymmetry. Intervertebral discs cause irritation of surrounding nerve endings, including vegetative, which regulate metabolic processes in various organs and tissues of an organism, which leads to cardialgia development, impaired functions of the gallbladder, and the like.Сколиоз приводит к развитию анатомических нарушений. Трудность состоит в том, что сколиоз на ранних стадиях развития заболевания может быть малозаметен, а увеличение длительности болезни приводит к уменьшению шансов на успех в лечении. Организм, пытаясь восстановить вертикальный баланс позвоночника, образует дополнительные искривления. Цель – описание методик работы с детьми возрастной группы от 9 до 16 лет с приобретенным сколиозом 2-й степени и их влияние на конечный результат, а именно, на разницу в степенях деформации в градусах (на рентгеновском снимке) и визуальные изменения (по антропометрическим данным). Материал и методы. Использованы методы диагностики и физической реабилитации для коррекции сколиоза различной степени при лечении детей 6–12 лет с указанной патологией Результаты.  При развитии сколиоза межпозвонковые диски испытывают влияние высокого давления с одной стороны и низкого – с другой, в результате чего смещаются в сторону низкого давления, чем только усиливают имеющуюся асимметрию. Межпозвонковые диски вызывают раздражение окружающих нервных окончаний, в том числе и вегетативных, регулирующих обменные процессы в различных органах и тканях организма, что приводит к развитию кардиалгий, нарушению функций желчного пузыря и тому подобное.Сколіоз призводить до розвитку анатомічних порушень. Труднощі полягають у тому, що сколіоз на ранніх стадіях розвитку захворювання може бути малопомітний, а збільшення тривалості захворювання призводить до зменшення шансів на успіх у лікуванні. Організм, намагаючись відновити вертикальний баланс хребта, утворює додаткові викривлення. Мета – опис методик роботи з дітьми вікової групи від 9 до 16 років з набутим сколіозом 2-го ступеня та їх вплив на кінцевий результат, а саме, на різницю в ступенях деформації в градусах (на рентгенівському знімку) та візуальні зміни (за антропометричними даними). Матеріал і методи. Використані методи діагностики та фізичної реабілітації для корекції сколіозу різного ступеня при лікуванні дітей віком 6 –12 років зі вказаною патологією Результати. При розвитку сколіозу міжхребцеві диски зазнають високого тиску з одного боку і низького – з іншого, внаслідок чого зміщуються у бік низького тиску, чим тільки підсилюють наявну асиметрію. Міжхребцеві диски викликають подразнення навколишніх нервових закінчень, в тому числі і вегетативних, які регулюють обмінні процеси в різних органах і тканинах організму, що призводить до розвитку кардіалгій, порушень функцій жовчного міхура тощо

Upper critical magnetic field in Ba_0.68K_0.32Fe_2As_2 and Ba(Fe_0.93Co_0.07)_2As_2

We report measurements of the temperature dependence of the radio-frequency magnetic penetration depth in Ba_0.68K_0.32Fe_2As_2 and Ba(Fe_0.93Co_0.07)_2As_2 single crystals in pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 T. From our data, we construct an H-T phase diagram for the inter-plane (H || c) and in-plane (H || ab) directions for both compounds. For both field orientations in Ba_0.68K_0.32Fe_2As_2, we find a concave curvature of the Hc2(T) lines with decreasing anisotropy and saturation towards lower temperature. Taking into account Pauli spin paramagnetism we can describe Hc2(T) and its anisotropy. In contrast, we find that Pauli paramagnetic pair breaking is not essential for Ba(Fe_0.93Co_0.07)_2As_2. For this electron-doped compound, the data support a Hc2(T) dependence that can be described by the Werthamer Helfand Hohenberg model for H || ab and a two-gap behavior for H || c.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figure

Rare earth magnetism in CeFeAsO: A single crystal study

Single crystals of CeFeAsO, large enough to study the anisotropy of the magnetic properties, were grown by an optimized Sn-flux technique. The high quality of our single crystals is apparent from the highest residual resistivity ratio, RRR = 12, reported among undoped RFeAsO compounds (R=rare earth) as well as sharp anomalies in resistivity, specific heat, C(T), and thermal expansion at the different phase transitions. The magnetic susceptibility chi(T) presents a large easy-plane anisotropy consistent with the lowest crystal electric field doublet having a dominant Gamma_6 character. Curie-Weiss like susceptibilities for magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the crystallographic c-axis do not reveal an influence of a staggered field on the Ce site induced by magnetic ordering of the Fe. Furthermore, the standard signatures for antiferromagnetic order of Ce at T_N = 3.7 K observed in chi(T) and C(T) are incompatible with a Zeeman splitting Delta = 10 K of the CEF ground state doublet at low temperature due to the Fe-magnetic order as previously proposed. Our results can be reconciled with the earlier observation by assuming a comparatively stronger effect of the Ce-Ce exchange leading to a reduction of this Zeeman splitting below 15 K.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, added section on magn. susceptibilit

Deformation properties of mastoid area skin

The mechanical properties of the skin have been studied in vivo and in vitro using various test methods. It has been found that with age, the skin undergoes considerably less deformation at the same voltage, which is probably due to the change of collagen and elastin nets. Two-dimensional biomechanical behavior and the content of collagen in human skin samples from different areas of topical localization were studied. The minimum and maximum reduction axes were determined after removal and their connection with Langer’s lines. The experimental equipment was designed to keep the geometry and measure loads acting perpendicular to the circle of skin samples. Using in vivo geometry of samples as a base, various deformations were applied. After the voltage relaxation, the final values of the voltage were taken and compared with the deformations. It was found that the axes of maximum and minimum stress do not coin-cide with the Langer’s lines, and rotated 10°. This article describes the structure of the mastoid area skin. After the objective morphological studies, we came to the conclusion that during the surgery on the mastoid region, namely cosmetic otoplasty and lower rhytidectomy, the length of stretching skin-fat grafts must be taken into account. No visible lesions were found in their deformation in the range of 5-10 mm. This is the optimal minimum and maximum limit of biomechanical parameters in such interventions. Patho-logical changes primarily in the form of balloon degeneration were observed at the 15-20 mm flap tension, indicating a greater likelihood of necrosis in the postoperative period. Deformation of the skin-fat grafts of 25 mm leads to irreversible changes and hemodynamic disorders, thus flap stretching within these parameters is unacceptable. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological features of skin-fatty grafts of mastoid area at various stages of deformation. In the experiment we used 30 skin-fatty grafts taken from the patients with roughness during cosmetic otoplasty. These pieces were elongated at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mm respectively; they were colored by hematoxylin-eosin as well as van Gieson stai