The Current and Retrospective Intentional Nature Exposure Scales: Development and Factorial Validity

Both nature exposure and green exercise (GE) can improve health. However, there are no scales examining frequency of engagement; or that consider interaction with nature. There are also no scales assessing these variables during childhood. The aim of this study was to develop a modified (NES-II) and retrospective (RNES-II) version of the Nature Exposure Scale to incorporate GE and to examine their factor structure and reliability. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) explored the factor structure of the scales; followed by confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the model fit. Fit indices for the one factor five item NES-II and RNES-II models identified by EFA were poor. Use of modification indices resulted in a good model fit; NES-II: χ(5, n = 385) = 2.638; χnormed = 0.879; CFI= 1.000; RMSEA < 0.001 with 90%CI = 0.000–0.082; SRMR = 0.009; AIC = 36.638. RNES-II: χ(2, n = 385) = 7.149; χnormed = 3.574; CFI = 0.995; RMSEA = 0.082 with 90%CI = 0.023–0.151; SRMR = 0.015; AIC = 43.149. Both models demonstrated very good reliability (α = 0.84; 89 respectively). These findings indicate that the scales can be used to assess current and retrospective nature exposure. However, due to the removal of item one, the authors recommend that the scales be named the ‘intentional nature exposure scale’ and ‘retrospective intentional nature exposure scale’

Acceptability of a Parental Early Warning Tool: Outcomes from a Feasibility Study of Parental Home Monitoring and Assessment

Aim: to explore the feasibility and acceptability of a Congenital Heart Assessment Tool (CHAT) as part of a home monitoring programme (HMP) for parents going home with their infant between stage 1 & 2 surgery for complex CHD. Background: HMPs were developed to encourage early recognition of deterioration in infants at risk of potentially life threatening events between stage 1 & 2. In this study, the HMP was compared with the CHAT, a traffic light system enabling assessment of the infant’s condition through individualised parameters. Method: A mixed methods approach including: data collected at four time points: at discharge [T0]; 2 weeks after [T1], 8 weeks after [T2] & after stage 2 surgery [T3] using self-report tools, interviews & daily diaries. Parents were recruited between August 2013 & February 2015 & randomised to either Gp A: HMP & CHAT; Gp B: CHAT or Gp C: standard discharge care. Results: 13 mothers, 4 fathers of 13 infants consented (A =5; B =4; C =4). The time period T0 to T3 ranged from 62-228 days; all infants survived stage 1 & 2 of surgery. The qualitative data set included 38 interviews. Four themes emerged regarding the CHAT: prepared parents for the signs to look for at home; easy to use; increased parental confidence & gave them reassurance to call for advice when something was different. Themes emerging regarding the HMP: parents felt daily wt. were not needed; the scales were ‘a hindrance more than helpful’, SpO2 was more reassuring. Gp C parents described normalisation of going home & recognition that the HMP may have made them more reliant & anxious. Only 2 diaries were completed; CHAT amber triggers (n=7 occasions, no admissions); red triggers & drop in SpO2 (n=1, 1 local hospital readmission); calls to ward staff (n=13); other contact with HCP (n=7) no contacts were cardiac in origin. Conclusions: The CHAT gave parents confidence regarding changes in their infant’s condition. No early admissions for stage 2 based on trigger of CHAT or HMP

Psychosocial Adjustment and Adaptation in Parents of Infants with Complex Congenital Heart Disease Going Home for the First Time Following First Stage Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Review

Aim: The study presented here prospectively explored psychosocial adaptation and adjustment (anxiety, depression & confidence) in parents going home for the first time with their infants following first stage cardiac surgery for complex congenital heart disease (CHD). Method: 17 parents (13 mothers, 4 fathers) of infants (n=13) being discharged from a specialist cardiac centre in the UK were recruited into a mixed methods feasibility study, from August 2013 until September 2015. Parents were randomised into either: Group A: home monitoring using weighing scales, an oxygen saturation monitor and a Congenital Heart Assessment Tool (CHAT); Group B: the CHAT tool only, or Group C: standard discharge care. Parents were interviewed at 4 time points: T0 before discharge, T1 2 weeks post discharge, T2 8 weeks post discharge and T3 after stage 2 surgery. Baseline demographic data was collected at T0 and parents completed PHQ9, GAD7 and Maternal Confidence score (MCS) at each interview. Results: A fear response was evident in all interviews at T0; 3 mothers and 1 father displayed signs of post-traumatic stress disorder at T0. Mean GAD7 scores were significantly higher before discharge (T0) compared to T3 (p<0.01, d=0.77). There was no significant difference in scores whilst the parents were at home with their infant (T1, T2). Mean PHQ9 scores were significantly higher at T0 than at T1 (p<0.01, d=1.03); T2 (p<0.05, d=0.87); T3 (p<0.01, d=1.1). Mean MCS were significantly higher at T1 (p<0.01, d=1.1), T2 (p<0.01, d=1.3), T3 (p<0.0005, d=1.6) than at T0. Conclusion: Signs of acute stress disorder: anxiety, depression, shock were evident in all interviews at T0. 4 parents showed signs of PTSD however these symptoms decreased over time as their confidence increased. Despite the small number of families recruited into the study, the results provide an important insight into the psychosocial support that parents require between stage 1 and 2 of their infants’ cardiac surgery

Sub-Pixel Response Measurement of Near-Infrared Sensors

Wide-field survey instruments are used to efficiently observe large regions of the sky. To achieve the necessary field of view, and to provide a higher signal-to-noise ratio for faint sources, many modern instruments are undersampled. However, precision photometry with undersampled imagers requires a detailed understanding of the sensitivity variations on a scale much smaller than a pixel. To address this, a near-infrared spot projection system has been developed to precisely characterize near-infrared focal plane arrays and to study the effect of sub-pixel non uniformity on precision photometry. Measurements of large format near-infrared detectors demonstrate the power of this system for understanding sub-pixel response.Comment: 9 pages, 13 figures, submitted to PAS

Algebraic varieties with automorphism groups of maximal rank

We confirm, to some extent, the belief that a projective variety X has the largest number (relative to the dimension of X) of independent commuting automorphisms of positive entropy only when X is birational to a complex torus or a quotient of a torus. We also include an addendum to an early paper though it is not used in the present paper.Comment: Mathematische Annalen (to appear

A new species in the major malaria vector complex sheds light on reticulated species evolution

Complexes of closely related species provide key insights into the rapid and independent evolution of adaptive traits. Here, we described and studied Anopheles fontenillei sp.n., a new species in the Anopheles gambiae complex that we recently discovered in the forested areas of Gabon, Central Africa. Our analysis placed the new taxon in the phylogenetic tree of the An. gambiae complex, revealing important introgression events with other members of the complex. Particularly, we detected recent introgression, with Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, of genes directly involved in vectorial capacity. Moreover, genome analysis of the new species allowed us to clarify the evolutionary history of the 3La inversion. Overall, An. fontenillei sp.n. analysis improved our understanding of the relationship between species within the An. gambiae complex, and provided insight into the evolution of vectorial capacity traits that are relevant for the successful control of malaria in Africa

Clustering of match running and performance indicators to assess between- and within-playing position similarity in professional rugby league

This study aimed to determine the similarity between and within positions in professional rugby league in terms of technical performance and match displacement. Here, the analyses were repeated on 3 different datasets which consisted of technical features only, displacement features only, and a combined dataset including both. Each dataset contained 7617 observations from the 2018 and 2019 Super League seasons, including 366 players from 11 teams. For each dataset, feature selection was initially used to rank features regarding their importance for predicting a player’s position for each match. Subsets of 12, 11, and 27 features were retained for technical, displacement, and combined datasets for subsequent analyses. Hierarchical cluster analyses were then carried out on the positional means to find logical groupings. For the technical dataset, 3 clusters were found: (1) props, loose forwards, second-row, hooker; (2) halves; (3) wings, centres, fullback. For displacement, 4 clusters were found: (1) second-rows, halves; (2) wings, centres; (3) fullback; (4) props, loose forward, hooker. For the combined dataset, 3 clusters were found: (1) halves, fullback; (2) wings and centres; (3) props, loose forward, hooker, second-rows. These positional clusters can be used to standardise positional groups in research investigating either technical, displacement, or both constructs within rugby league.</p

The measurement and determinants of skill acquisition in young workers' first job

The article analyses participation in five types of training (formal on-site, formal off-site, informal co-worker training, learning by watching and learning by doing) and self-assessed skill acquisition in young Flemish workers' first job. A skill production function is estimated whereby the simultaneity of participation in the different types of training and skill acquisition is taken into account. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of informal training. Formal training participation is found to be only a fraction of total training participation. Moreover, the determinants of total training participation and skill acquisition differ from those of formal training participation. While some training types are complementary, others are clearly substitutes. Finally, most types of training generate additional skills. Nonetheless, learning by doing is found to be complementary to formal education in the production of both specific and general skills, whereas formal training serves as a substitute