Multilevel Structured Low-Density Parity-Check Codes

Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes are typically characterized by a relatively high-complexity description, since a considerable amount of memory is required in order to store their code description, which can be represented either by the connections of the edges in their Tanner graph or by the non-zero entries in their parity-check matrix (PCM). This problem becomes more pronounced for pseudo-random LDPC codes, where literally each non-zero entry of their PCM has to be enumerated, and stored in a look-up table. Therefore, they become inadequate for employment in memoryconstrained transceivers. Motivated by this, we are proposing a novel family of structured LDPC codes, termed as Multilevel Structured (MLS) LDPC codes, which benefit from reduced storage requirements, hardware-friendly implementations as well as from low-complexity encoding and decoding. Our simulation results demonstrate that these advantages accrue without any compromise in their attainable Bit Error Ratio (BER) performance, when compared to their previously proposed more complex counterparts of the same code-length. In particular, we characterize a half-rate quasi-cyclic (QC) MLS LDPC code having a block length of 8064 that can be uniquely and unambiguously described by as few as 144 edges, despite exhibiting an identical BER performance over both Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and uncorrelated Rayleigh (UR) channels, when compared to a pseudorandom construction, which requires the enumeration of a significantly higher number of 24,192 edges

Production of Diplodia scrobiculata and Diplodia pinea pycnidia on ground Austrian pine needle agar medium

The in vitro production of fruiting structures represents an important tool for the morphological identification of fungal genera or species. It is also important for the controlled production of spores to be used in experiments. However, some fungal species do not readily sporulate in pure culture. In the present study we induced the production of pycnidia of Diplodia scrobiculata and D. pinea, two species recalcitrant to sporulation in pure culture, by growing them on two media containing ground Austrian pine needle. The two fungal species grew equally rapidly on both media and pycnidial primordia were produced on the medium surface after only 4 days at room temperature. Conidia matured in less than two weeks and their germination rate at 25°C was about 96%, indicating high viability

Chronic recurrent ankle sprain: A randomized clinical trial studying the impact of two treatment protocols

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The small GTPase Rab29 is a common regulator of immune synapse assembly and ciliogenesis

Acknowledgements We wish to thank Jorge Galán, Gregory Pazour, Derek Toomre, Giuliano Callaini, Joel Rosenbaum, Alessandra Boletta and Francesco Blasi for generously providing reagents and for productive discussions, and Sonia Grassini for technical assistance. The work was carried out with the financial support of Telethon (GGP11021) and AIRC.Peer reviewedPostprin

Nanomechanical probing of the layer/substrate interface of an exfoliated InSe sheet on sapphire

Van der Waals (vdW) layered crystals and heterostructures have attracted substantial interest for potential applications in a wide range of emerging technologies. An important, but often overlooked, consideration in the development of implementable devices is phonon transport through the structure interfaces. Here we report on the interface properties of exfoliated InSe on a sapphire substrate. We use a picosecond acoustic technique to probe the phonon resonances in the InSe vdW layered crystal. Analysis of the nanomechanics indicates that the InSe is mechanically decoupled from the substrate and thus presents an elastically imperfect interface. A high degree of phonon isolation at the interface points toward applications in thermoelectric devices, or the inclusion of an acoustic transition layer in device design. These findings demonstrate basic properties of layered structures and so illustrate the usefulness of nanomechanical probing in nanolayer/nanolayer or nanolayer/substrate interface tuning in vdW heterostructures

Effect of gender difference on platelet reactivity

Background Previous studies have suggested that women do not accrue equal therapeutic benefit from antiplatelet medication as compared with men. The physiological mechanism and clinical implications behind this gender disparity have yet to be established. Methods On-treatment platelet reactivity was determined in 717 men and 234 women on dual antiplatelet therapy, undergoing elective coronary stent implantation. Platelet function testing was performed using arachidonic acid and adenosine diphosphate-induced light transmittance aggregometry (LTA) and the VerifyNow P2Y12 and Aspirin assays. Also the incidence of all-cause death, non-fatal acute myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and ischaemic stroke was evaluated. Results Women had higher baseline platelet counts than men. Women exhibited a higher magnitude of on-aspirin platelet reactivity using LTA, but not using the VerifyNow Aspirin assay. The magnitude of on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity was significantly higher in women as compared with men with both tests used. The cut-off value to identify patients at risk as well as the incidence of clinical endpoints was similar between women and men (16/234[6.8%] vs. 62/717[8.6%], p=0.38). Conclusion Although the magnitude of platelet reactivity was higher in women, the absolute difference between genders was small and both the cut-off value to identify patients at risk and the incidence of the composite endpoint were similar between genders. Thus, it is unlikely that the difference in platelet reactivity accounts for a worse prognosis in women