Métodos de análise quantitativa inorgânica em caldo de cana de açúcar; vinhaça e melaço: I. determinação de cálcio, magnésio, potássio, enxofre e fósforo em um mesmo extrato

This paper reports a study about the determination of inorganic constituents (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfur (as sulfate) and phosphurus (as phosphate) in sugar cane juice, vinasse and molasses. Two techniques for organic matter oxidation were studied: wet and dry digestion. The data obtained showed that for these determinations any of these procedures can be employed, excepting the sulfur determination in molasses which must be made be wet digestion. The proposed techniques employ analytical methods acessible to most laboratories and permit fast and accurate determination of the five inorganic constituents.Neste trabalho é apresentada uma marcha analítica simples, rápida e acessível à maioria dos nossos laboratórios, visando a determinação de constituintes inorgânicos do caldo de cana de açúcar, vinhaça e melaço. Foram estudadas duas técnicas para a digestão do material (via seca e via úmida) e a seguir, nos extratos obtidos determinados cálcio, magnésio, potássio, enxofre e fósforo. Os dados obtidos mostraram que para a análise dos citados constituintes, nos mencionados materiais, pode ser empregado, indiferentemente, o ataque por via seca ou úmida, excetuando-se a determinação de enxofre em melaço que deve ser efetuada por via úmida. As técnicas de análise preconizadas apresentaram uma adequada precisão, conforme demonstram os resultados obtidos neste trabalho

Determinação colorimétrica do silício em vegetais

O presente trabalho relata os estudos do método colorimétrico de determinação do silício, baseado na reação do citado elemento com o anion molibdato e posterior redução do sílico-molibdato formado com solução de ácido ascórbico contendo ferro divalente. Os estudos efetuados permitiram estabelecer uma técnica rápida para determinação do silício em material vegetal, mediante ataque das cinzas provenientes do material vegetal, com ácidos clorídrico, fluorídrico e excesso de ácido bórico, e posterior aplicação do método colorimétrico. Foram realizadas determinações de silício em materiais vegetais de diferentes origens, obtendo-se satisfatória precisão e os resultados concordaram razoavelmente com aqueles fornecidos pelo método gravimétrico tradicional.The present work reports a study about the determination of silicon in plant materials, using the method based in the formation of heteropoly blue complex (molybdenum blue method) A preliminary study about the influence of several factors that may affect the method was performed. It was studied the absorption of the molybdenum blue, the influence of oxalic acid, effect of time and pH on the formation of molybdsilicic acid and its reduction, the influence of the use of hydrofluoric acid for solubilization of silicates and the reducing solutions. Based in this preliminary studies, it was proposed a technique for the determination of silicon in plant materials employing the colorimetric method. In the recommended procedures the plant materials ash is treated with a mineral acid (HC1), hydrofluoric acid and excess of boric acid. The reduction of molybdisilicic acid is made using an acid ascorbic solution containing divalent iron. In all procedure it is not necessary the use of platinum or nickel ware. In order to compare the colorimetric (based in the proposed technique) and gravimetric methods, five replications of differents plant materials were analysed by both methods. The data obtained allowed to conclude that the technique proposed is good and the accuracy is satisfactory

A disponibilidade do fósforo de oiversos fosfatos estudada por meio do método de Neubauer"

In order to study the phosphorus availability from various phosphates fertilizers an experiment was performed according to the biological seedling method of Neubauer. The physico-chemical properties of the soil "terra roxa-misturada", a red soil derived from basaltic rocks are given in the Portuguese text. Rice (Oryza sativa, L.) instead of rye (Secale cereale, L.) was used. Five replications of each of the following treatments were made: 1 - check, with 350 g of sand 2 - 350 g of sand plus 100 g of soil 3 - 350 g of sand and plus 100 g of soil plus 40 mg of P2O5, from superphosphate. 4 - 350 g of sand plus 100 g of soil plus 40 mg of P2O5. from Olinda (Brazil) phosphorite. 5 - 350 g of sand plus 100 g of soil plus 40 mg of P2O5 from Florida (U. S. A.) phosphorite. 6 - 350 g os sand plus 100 g of soil plus 40 mg of P2O5 from Hyperphosphate, a commertial name of a North African (Gafsa) phosphorite. 7 - 350 g of sand plus 100 g of soil plus 40 mg of P2O5 from Araxá (Brazil) apatite. After 18 days of growth, the roots and tops of rice seedlings were harvested and analysed for phosphorus, and the results are summarized in table 1. Table 1 - Milligrams of P2O5 determined in rice seedlings. Treatments Mean of 5 replications mg of P2O5 1 ..................... 24.196 2 ..................... 23.850 3 ..................... 30.724 4 ..................... 27.620 5 ..................... 27.480 6..................... 30.210 7 ..................... 26.032 The least significant difference at the 5% level by Tukey's procedure for comparisons among the treatments means is 1.365 mg of P(2)0. It is interesting to observe that rice plants did not take any phosphorus from the soil according to he data of the treatments n.° 1 and n.° 2. This can be explained by the high phosphorus fixing capacity of the soil "terra roxa misturada"

Aplicação do método espectrofotométrico da 2,2'-dipiridil cetoxima na determinação do cobalto em plantas

As a conclusion of the studies on the spectrophotometric method using 2,2,-dipyridyl ketoxime, it is suggested a technique for the cobalt determination in plants. The method, as it is proposed, presents both precision and accuracy sonsidered satisfactory, and the least relative error of the concentration is obtained in the range from 0,9 to 9,0 or 1,0 to 10,0 microgrames of cobalt in 3ml of solvent. It follows Beer's law and the molar absorptivity of the compound is 17.685. The results of cobalt determination in several vegetables are presented.Os resultados obtidos nos estudos da parte experimental do método da 2,2'-dipiridil cetoxima, permitiriam o estabelecimento de uma técnica para a determinação do cobalto em plantas. A aplicação do método foi precedida de uma avaliação de sua amplitude, exatidão e precisão. Verificou-se que nos intervalos de 0,9 a 9,0 ou de 1,0 a 10,0 microgramas de cobalto/3 ml do solvente, foram obtidos os menores erros relativos da concentração. Dentro dos limites estudados, o método segue a lei de Beer. A precisão da técnica proposta, avaliada através de ensaios de recuperação, foi considerada satisfatória

Determinação da capacidade de troca de cátions, do solo por fotometria de chama

O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos sobre a determinação da capacidade de troca de cátions do solo, através da determinação do cálcio por fotometria de chama. A amostra de solo (2g) foi prèviamente saturada com íons cálcio, o excesso do reagente foi lavado e o cálcio deslocado do solo, mediante extração com solução normal de acetato de amônio pH 7. A determinação do cálcio, contido no extrato, foi feita mediante o emprêgo do fotômetro de chama Coleman modêlo 21. Os dados obtidos, demonstraram que a técnica adotada, além de sua simplicidade e rapidez, fornece resultados cuja precisão é satisfatória.This paper describes a method for determining cation exchange capacity of soils (C.E.C.).Two grams sample of 9 different soils were placed in a percolation tube with diammeter of 15 mm and lenght of 200 mm. Twenty mililiters of normal calcium acetate solution pH = 7,0 were percolated through the soil. Excess of calcium acetate was washed with ethyl alcohol 80% (80 parts of alcohol plus 20 parts of water, in volume) by suction. Adsorbed calcium was extratecd with 50 ml of normal ammonium acetate solution (pH - 7,0) by suction. Calcium extratecd by ammonium acetate solution was determined by photometry.The method described is very rapid and afford a good precision, according to table 1

Método do EDTA na determinação do cálcio e magnésio "trocável" do solo

This paper describes the determination of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in soil by using ethylenediamine tetracetic acid, after the separation of the principals interferents (iron, aluminum, manganese and phosphate) by using both ammonium hidroxide and ammonium sulfide in only one operation. In order to compare the chelometric and the permanganometric methods for determining exchangeable calcium, five replications of nine soils were analysed by both methods. The accuracy of the determination of exchangeable magnesium in soil was evalueted by means of the recovered magnesium, when the proposed method was applied. The data obtained in both studies allowed to conclude that the technique proposed is good and the accuracy is satisfactory

Determinação de potássio em fertilizantes por fotometria de chama

This paper deals with the determination of potassium in fertilizers by the flame photometric method. A preliminary study was performed in order to know the relationship between potassium concentration and readings in the Coleman flame photometer, model 21. It was verified a linear relation when the concentration of potassium was in the range of 0 and 30 ppm. The presence of some ions like calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, phosphate, sulfate and ammonium were studied and showed that calcium and magnesium cause no interference in the method. Ammonium caused a slight interference when 550 ppm of NH4+ and 10 ppm of potassium were present. With 20 ppm of potassium the influence of ammonium was observed only with 995 ppm. Sulfate caused a moderate influence and phosphate interfered, giving lower results. The determination of potassium, with five replications, in three fertilizer mixtures, were performed in solutions that underwent a previous separation of phosphate and sulfate by an anion exchange resin and in solutions not purified by ion adsorption. The results showed good agreement indicating it is not necessary the separation of phosphate and sulfate when there is a several fold dilution of the solution. The method for determining potassium in fertilizers by flame photometry is very rapid and afford a good precision.O presente trabalho relata um estudo sobre a determinação do potássio em fertilizantes por fotometria de chama e empregando o aparelho Coleman, modêlo 21. A precisão do método foi estudada, aplicando-o na análise de 3misturas contendo os fertilizantes sulfato de amônio e superfosfato simples ou triplo e uma quantidade conhecida de potássio na forma de sal puro, para análise (KC1 p.a.). As determinações do potássio foram executadas nas soluções das mencionadas misturas, após eliminar os ânions sulfato e fosfato com a resina Amberlite IR-4B (OH). Os dados obtidos evidenciaram que o método em questão além de ser muito rápido, forneceu resultados satisfatórios, quando se consideram as diluições necessárias para as determinações. Outras determinações executadas simultaneamente, e em soluções das mesmas misturas, mas sem eliminar os ânions sulfato e fosfato, forneceram dados próximos aos obtidos com a eliminação dos citados ânions

Academic Achievement in Physics-Chemistry: The Predictive Effect of Attitudes and Reasoning Abilities

Science education plays a critical role as political priority due to its fundamental importance in engaging students to pursue technological careers considered essential in modern societies, in order to face scientific development challenges. High-level achievement on science education and positive attitudes toward science constitutes a crucial challenge for formal education. Several studies indicate close relationships between students’ attitudes, cognitive abilities, and academic achievement. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of student’s attitudes toward the school discipline of Physics and Chemistry and their reasoning abilities on academic achievement on that school subject, among Portuguese 9th grade students using the data collected during the Project Academic Performance and Development: a longitudinal study on the effects of school transitions in Portuguese students (PTDC/CPE-CED/104884/2008). The participants were 470 students (267 girls – 56.8% and 203 boys – 43.2%), aged 14–16 years old (m D 14.3 0.58). The attitude data were collected using the Attitude toward Physics-Chemistry Questionnaire (ATPCQ) and, the Reasoning Test Battery (RTB) was used to assess the students reasoning abilities. Achievement was measured using the students’ quarterly (9-week) grades in the physics and chemistry subject. The relationships between the attitude dimensions toward Physics-chemistry and the reasoning dimensions and achievement in each of the three school terms were assessed by multiple regression stepwise analyses and standardized regression coefficients (b), calculated with IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software. Both variables studied proved to be significant predictor variables of school achievement. The models obtained from the use of both variables were always stronger accounting for higher proportions of student’s grade variations. The results show that ATPCQ and RTB had a significantly positive relationship with student’s achievement in Physics-chemistry, indicating that both attitudinal and cognitive variables should be taken into account on science education as well as in educative intervention

A absorção de ferro pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, em função da idade

This paper describes the results obtained from the determination of iron in sugar cane according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. The iron was determined by 1-10- phenanthroline method, in samples cut monthly from 7th to 15th month from an experiment consisted de 3 plots fertilized with amonium sulfate, superphosphate and potassium cloride. The concentration of iron in the stalks and in the leaves varies according to the age of the plant. A ton of fresh stalks 15 months old contains 78,71 g of iron

A absorção de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e enxofre pelo cafeeiro: coffea arabica variedade mundo novo |(B. Rodr.) Choussy | aos dez anos de idade

This paper describes the data concerning the weight of the trunk branches and leaves of the coffee tree at the age of ten years and growing in a latosol of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brasil (Table 1).O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos sôbre a concentração e a quantidade de macronutritntes, N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S no tronco, ramos, fôlhas e frutos do cafeeiro, Coffea arabica, L, variedade mundo novo [(B. Rodr.) Choussy], aos dez anos de idade e crescendo em solo latossólico da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba. São apresentados também os dados obtidos nas mesmas condições, sôbre o pêso de diversas partes (tronco, ramos, fôlhas e frutos) do cafeeiro