Potensi Reduksi Sampah Terhadap Penurunan Timbulan Gas Rumah Kaca Di Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir (TPA) Kota Madiun

Upaya minimisasi perlu dilakukan dalam pengelolaan sampah Kota Madiun, mengingat semakin meningkatnya timbulan sampah. Upaya minimisasi jumlah sampah dapat berupa kegiatan komposting dan pemanfaatan sampah kembali. Minimisasi jumlah sampah yang harus ditimbun di landfill berarti meminimisasi timbulan gas rumah kaca yang terbentuk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis besar penurunan timbulan sampah dan gas rumah kaca dengan upaya reduksi bertahap. Sampling timbulan dan komposisi sampah dilakukan di 6 TPS. Upaya reduksi bertahap dihitung bila terjadi peningkatan upaya reduksi sebesar 2% secara bertahap pada tiap tahunnya. Timbulan gas rumah kaca yang dihasilkan pada tiap tahunnya dihitung dengan menggunakan metode triangular. Timbulan sampah total pada tahun 2023 pada kondisi pengelolaan sampah dengan upaya reduksi bertahap, timbulan sampah yang direduksi tahun 2023 sebesar 3.875,75 ton atau 20%. Penurunan timbulan gas rumah kaca yang terbentuk dari sampah tahun 2023 dengan upaya reduksi optimal sebesar 6,637x106 m3 atau 67,32% dan dengan upaya reduksi bertahap sebesar 1,343x106 m3 atau 13,63%

Guidelines on cost modelling: Economic policies and methods of determining the costs of services related to national telecommunication/ICT networks

These final guidelines on cost modelling were elaborated under ITU-D Question 4/1 on economic policies and methods of determining the costs of services related to national telecommunication/ICT networks, including next-generation networks

Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Child stunting reduces survival and impairs neurodevelopment. We tested the independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) on stunting and anaemia in in Zimbabwe. METHODS: We did a cluster-randomised, community-based, 2 × 2 factorial trial in two rural districts in Zimbabwe. Clusters were defined as the catchment area of between one and four village health workers employed by the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care. Women were eligible for inclusion if they permanently lived in clusters and were confirmed pregnant. Clusters were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to standard of care (52 clusters), IYCF (20 g of a small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement per day from age 6 to 18 months plus complementary feeding counselling; 53 clusters), WASH (construction of a ventilated improved pit latrine, provision of two handwashing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, and play space plus hygiene counselling; 53 clusters), or IYCF plus WASH (53 clusters). A constrained randomisation technique was used to achieve balance across the groups for 14 variables related to geography, demography, water access, and community-level sanitation coverage. Masking of participants and fieldworkers was not possible. The primary outcomes were infant length-for-age Z score and haemoglobin concentrations at 18 months of age among children born to mothers who were HIV negative during pregnancy. These outcomes were analysed in the intention-to-treat population. We estimated the effects of the interventions by comparing the two IYCF groups with the two non-IYCF groups and the two WASH groups with the two non-WASH groups, except for outcomes that had an important statistical interaction between the interventions. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01824940. FINDINGS: Between Nov 22, 2012, and March 27, 2015, 5280 pregnant women were enrolled from 211 clusters. 3686 children born to HIV-negative mothers were assessed at age 18 months (884 in the standard of care group from 52 clusters, 893 in the IYCF group from 53 clusters, 918 in the WASH group from 53 clusters, and 991 in the IYCF plus WASH group from 51 clusters). In the IYCF intervention groups, the mean length-for-age Z score was 0·16 (95% CI 0·08-0·23) higher and the mean haemoglobin concentration was 2·03 g/L (1·28-2·79) higher than those in the non-IYCF intervention groups. The IYCF intervention reduced the number of stunted children from 620 (35%) of 1792 to 514 (27%) of 1879, and the number of children with anaemia from 245 (13·9%) of 1759 to 193 (10·5%) of 1845. The WASH intervention had no effect on either primary outcome. Neither intervention reduced the prevalence of diarrhoea at 12 or 18 months. No trial-related serious adverse events, and only three trial-related adverse events, were reported. INTERPRETATION: Household-level elementary WASH interventions implemented in rural areas in low-income countries are unlikely to reduce stunting or anaemia and might not reduce diarrhoea. Implementation of these WASH interventions in combination with IYCF interventions is unlikely to reduce stunting or anaemia more than implementation of IYCF alone. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, UK Department for International Development, Wellcome Trust, Swiss Development Cooperation, UNICEF, and US National Institutes of Health.The SHINE trial is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1021542 and OPP113707); UK Department for International Development; Wellcome Trust, UK (093768/Z/10/Z, 108065/Z/15/Z and 203905/Z/16/Z); Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; US National Institutes of Health (2R01HD060338-06); and UNICEF (PCA-2017-0002)

Silurian of the Indian subcontinent and adjacent regions

An overview of the Silurian of the Indian subcontinent and adjacent regions, illustrated by ten statigraphic columns, underscores uncertainties in precise correlation. Silurian sequences with some biostratigraphic control are documented from the Dasht-e-Nawar region, Afghanistan; the Peshawar Basin, Pakistan; central Nepal; southernmost Tibet; and Shan State, Myanmar (Burma). Near-shore, primarily siliciclastic sequences with reef developments in the western Himalaya, that range from Late Ordovician to Middle and, conceivably, younger Silurian, are not tightly constrained biostratigraphy. Similar sequences in the central Himalaya, often referred to as the Muth Quartzite and regarded as broadly Devonian, are largely Silurian, but need renewed study. The Paleozoic of Bhutan, assumed by some to include Silurian rocks, appears to have a Middle Cambrian-late Devonian hiatus. There is urgent need for a multi-pronged re-investigation of these Silurian and associated late Ordovician and Devonian sequences, particularly if transgression-regression patters and changes in paloegeography are to be documented adequately.19 page(s

Georgiy Nikolaevich Frederiks (1889-1938), Paleontologist, Stratigrapher, Tectonicist—Biography and Bibliography

In a brief career, 1911-early 1930s, Georgly Nikolaevich Frederiks swiftly became a leading authority on the paleontology and stratigraphy of the Late Paleozoic of the USSR. Tireless in field and laboratory, he contributed importantly to unraveling the structure of the Urals, and established an international reputation as a paleontologist and stratigrapher, notably for his numerous contributions on Late Paleozoic stratigraphy and paleontology, especially brachiopods. One of the most impressive Soviet paleontologist-geologists of the inter-war era, Frederiks, like so many of the intelligentsia in the USSR, was believed by many to have perished in one of Stalin's 'corrective labor camps'. He was in fact shot, like legions of others, on the charge of conspiring to kill the leaders of the USSR and for personally planning to kill Stalin. His career and fate exemplify what befell the cream of the intelligentsia in the USSR during the Stalin epoch.</jats:p

Structural Design Patterns and.NET Framework 2.0

There are many uncertainties in identifying and applying suitable design patterns while designing applications. Our goal is to investigate applications of design patterns in.NET Framework. Among the seven structural patterns described by Gang of Four (GOF), we have discussed five patterns from.NET perspective. As there is no official documentation available on the patterns used in the latest version of.NET Framework (version 2.0) currently, this study would be beneficial for.NET designers in understanding patterns behind the framework, which in turn would help them in applying relevant patterns while developing their aplications in.NET Framework.