Use of class C fly ash for stabilization of fine-grained soil

This is the author accepted manuscriptFine-grained soils may have undesired characteristics such as high swelling potential and low strength, thus requiring improvement. One of the stabilization methods involves the use of fly ash. Fly ash is a waste material obtained from burning coal in thermal power plants. The use of fly ash is encouraged as an alternative material for soil stabilization, due to its features such as pozzolanic properties and economic availability. This paper describes the results of an experimental study on stabilization of a clayey soil with fly ash. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and triaxial tests were carried out on samples of kaolinite mixed with class C fly ash at different percentages and cured for 1, 7, and 28 days, in order to study the effects of class C fly ash on the mechanical behaviour of the stabilized soil. The results showed that inclusion of fly ash significantly improves the strength characteristics of the soil. Curing time was also found to have a significant effect on improving the properties of the soil

The Formal Dynamism of Categories: Stops vs. Fricatives, Primitivity vs. Simplicity

Minimalist Phonology (MP; Pöchtrager 2006) constructs its theory based on the phonological epistemological principle (Kaye 2001) and exposes the arbitrary nature of standard Government Phonology (sGP) and strict-CV (sCV), particularly with reference to their confusion of melody and structure. For Pöchtrager, these are crucially different, concluding that place of articulation is melodic (expressed with elements), while manner of articulation is structural. In this model, the heads (xN and xO) can license and incorporate the length of the other into their own interpretation, that is xN influences xO projections as well as its own and vice versa. This dynamism is an aspect of the whole framework and this paper in particular will show that stops and fricatives evidence a plasticity of category and that, although fricatives are simpler in structure, stops are the more primitive of the two. This will be achieved phonologically through simply unifying the environment of application of the licensing forces within Pöchtrager's otherwise sound onset structure. In doing so, we automatically make several predictions about language acquisition and typology and show how lenition in Qiang (Sino-Tibetan) can be more elegantly explained

Experimental study on the effect of chitosan biopolymer on sandy soil stabilization

This is the final version. Available on open access from EDP Sciences via the DOI in this record4th European Conference on Unsaturated Soils (E-UNSAT 2020)Due to the environmental impacts of conventional soil stabilization materials, such as cement, ongoing efforts have been carried out by different researchers to find alternative economical materials for substitution. Biopolymers are environmentally friendly materials that are widely used in different geoenvironmental applications such as removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils, reduction of soil hydraulic conductivity, erosion control, and soil improvement. In this research the feasibility of using chitosan biopolymer for sandy soil stabilization has been studied. The effects of biopolymer content, curing time, and curing conditions have investigated using unconfined compression tests. The results indicated that incorporation of chitosan has the potential to increase the interparticle cohesion between the particles and considerable improvement of sandy soil mechanical properties. After initial strengthening of the soil, some strength reduction over time was observed due to the degradation characteristics of the chitosan. With regards to the curing condition, better performances at dry condition compare to the wet and saturated environment were achieved. In addition to soil mechanical properties, the pore plugging effect of chitosan biopolymer on highly permeable sandy soil has been studied in this study.European Union Horizon 202

Wnt5a Regulates Ventral Midbrain Morphogenesis and the Development of A9–A10 Dopaminergic Cells In Vivo

Wnt5a is a morphogen that activates the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and serves multiple functions during development. PCP signaling controls the orientation of cells within an epithelial plane as well as convergent extension (CE) movements. Wnt5a was previously reported to promote differentiation of A9–10 dopaminergic (DA) precursors in vitro. However, the signaling mechanism in DA cells and the function of Wnt5a during midbrain development in vivo remains unclear. We hereby report that Wnt5a activated the GTPase Rac1 in DA cells and that Rac1 inhibitors blocked the Wnt5a-induced DA neuron differentiation of ventral midbrain (VM) precursor cultures, linking Wnt5a-induced differentiation with a known effector of Wnt/PCP signaling. In vivo, Wnt5a was expressed throughout the VM at embryonic day (E)9.5, and was restricted to the VM floor and basal plate by E11.5–E13.5. Analysis of Wnt5a−/− mice revealed a transient increase in progenitor proliferation at E11.5, and a precociously induced NR4A2+ (Nurr1) precursor pool at E12.5. The excess NR4A2+ precursors remained undifferentiated until E14.5, when a transient 25% increase in DA neurons was detected. Wnt5a−/− mice also displayed a defect in (mid)brain morphogenesis, including an impairment in midbrain elongation and a rounded ventricular cavity. Interestingly, these alterations affected mostly cells in the DA lineage. The ventral Sonic hedgehog-expressing domain was broadened and flattened, a typical CE phenotype, and the domains occupied by Ngn2+ DA progenitors, NR4A2+ DA precursors and TH+ DA neurons were rostrocaudally reduced and laterally expanded. In summary, we hereby describe a Wnt5a regulation of Wnt/PCP signaling in the DA lineage and provide evidence for multiple functions of Wnt5a in the VM in vivo, including the regulation of VM morphogenesis, DA progenitor cell division, and differentiation of NR4A2+ DA precursors

Constraints on Energy Intake in Fish: The Link between Diet Composition, Energy Metabolism, and Energy Intake in Rainbow Trout

The hypothesis was tested that fish fed to satiation with iso-energetic diets differing in macronutrient composition will have different digestible energy intakes (DEI) but similar total heat production. Four iso-energetic diets (2×2 factorial design) were formulated having a contrast in i) the ratio of protein to energy (P/E): high (HP/E) vs. low (LP/E) and ii) the type of non-protein energy (NPE) source: fat vs. carbohydrate which were iso-energetically exchanged. Triplicate groups (35 fish/tank) of rainbow trout were hand-fed each diet twice daily to satiation for 6 weeks under non-limiting water oxygen conditions. Feed intake (FI), DEI (kJ kg−0.8 d−1) and growth (g kg−0.8 d−1) of trout were affected by the interaction between P/E ratio and NPE source of the diet (P<0.05). Regardless of dietary P/E ratio, the inclusion of carbohydrate compared to fat as main NPE source reduced DEI and growth of trout by ∼20%. The diet-induced differences in FI and DEI show that trout did not compensate for the dietary differences in digestible energy or digestible protein contents. Further, changes in body fat store and plasma glucose did not seem to exert a homeostatic feedback control on DEI. Independent of the diet composition, heat production of trout did not differ (P>0.05). Our data suggest that the control of DEI in trout might be a function of heat production, which in turn might reflect a physiological limit related with oxidative metabolism

E‌V‌A‌L‌U‌A‌T‌I‌O‌N O‌F S‌H‌E‌A‌R S‌T‌R‌E‌N‌G‌T‌H A‌N‌D P‌A‌R‌T‌I‌C‌L‌E B‌R‌E‌A‌K‌A‌G‌E O‌F C‌R‌U‌M‌B T‌I‌R‌E-C‌A‌L‌C‌A‌R‌E‌O‌U‌S S‌A‌N‌D M‌I‌X‌T‌U‌R‌E

O‌n‌e o‌f t‌h‌e m‌a‌i‌n p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m‌a‌t‌i‌c s‌o‌i‌l‌s i‌n n‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e w‌i‌t‌h w‌h‌i‌c‌h w‌e a‌r‌e d‌e‌a‌l‌i‌n‌g i‌s c‌a‌r‌b‌o‌n‌a‌t‌e o‌r c‌a‌l‌c‌a‌r‌e‌o‌u‌s s‌a‌n‌d. C‌a‌r‌b‌o‌n‌a‌t‌e s‌e‌d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s a‌r‌e l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d i‌n t‌e‌m‌p‌e‌r‌a‌t‌e a‌n‌d t‌r‌o‌p‌i‌c‌a‌l a‌r‌e‌a‌s a‌n‌d c‌o‌v‌e‌r a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌x‌i‌m‌a‌t‌e‌l‌y 40\% o‌f t‌h‌e o‌c‌e‌a‌n s‌u‌r‌f‌a‌c‌e. T‌h‌e‌s‌e‌s s‌o‌i‌l‌s ar‌e m‌a‌d‌e u‌p o‌f t‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌t o‌f t‌h‌e b‌o‌d‌y o‌f m‌a‌r‌i‌n‌e c‌r‌e‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s, p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌u‌l‌a‌r‌l‌y t‌i‌n‌y c‌o‌w‌r‌i‌e‌s o‌r h‌a‌v‌e p‌h‌y‌s‌i‌c‌a‌l o‌r c‌h‌e‌m‌i‌c‌a‌l o‌r‌i‌g‌i‌n‌s.I‌n I‌r‌a‌n, N‌o‌r‌t‌h‌e‌r‌n S‌h‌o‌r‌e‌s o‌f t‌h‌e P‌e‌r‌s‌i‌a‌n G‌u‌l‌f a‌n‌d i‌s‌l‌a‌n‌d‌s o‌f Q‌e‌s‌h‌m a‌n‌d H‌o‌r‌m‌o‌z c‌o‌n‌t‌a‌i‌n C‌a‌l‌c‌a‌r‌e‌o‌u‌s S‌a‌n‌d‌s. T‌h‌e m‌o‌s‌t s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌f‌i‌c‌a‌n‌t c‌h‌a‌r‌a‌c‌t‌e‌r‌i‌s‌t‌i‌c o‌f t‌h‌i‌s s‌o‌i‌l i‌s p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e b‌r‌e‌a‌k‌a‌g‌e u‌n‌d‌e‌r s‌h‌e‌a‌r s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s t‌h‌a‌t d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌s t‌h‌e s‌h‌e‌a‌r s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h, w‌h‌i‌c‌h a‌l‌s‌o a‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌s i‌t‌s S‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s-S‌t‌r‌a‌i‌n b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r. O‌n t‌h‌e o‌t‌h‌e‌r h‌a‌n‌d, d‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e l‌a‌r‌g‌e i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e o‌f t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌n t‌h‌e‌s‌e r‌e‌g‌i‌o‌n‌s, t‌h‌e a‌c‌c‌u‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f s‌c‌r‌a‌p t‌i‌r‌e‌s l‌e‌a‌d‌s t‌o e‌n‌v‌i‌r‌o‌n‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m‌s. T‌h‌e‌r‌e‌f‌o‌r‌e, i‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o u‌s‌e t‌h‌e‌s‌e m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s m‌u‌c‌h b‌e‌t‌t‌e‌r a‌s t‌h‌e‌y a‌r‌e, t‌h‌e‌y c‌a‌n b‌e r‌e‌u‌s‌e‌d i‌n g‌e‌o‌t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌i‌c‌a‌l e‌n‌g‌i‌n‌e‌e‌r‌i‌n‌g f‌o‌r p‌r‌o‌v‌i‌d‌i‌n‌g g‌e‌o-m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s w‌i‌t‌h b‌e‌t‌t‌e‌r q‌u‌a‌l‌i‌t‌y a‌n‌d h‌e‌l‌p‌i‌n‌g t‌o h‌a‌v‌e a c‌l‌e‌a‌n‌e‌r e‌n‌v‌i‌r‌o‌n‌m‌e‌n‌t.I‌n t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y, t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f a‌d‌d‌i‌n‌g C‌r‌u‌m‌b T‌i‌r‌e t‌o t‌h‌e C‌a‌l‌c‌a‌r‌e‌o‌u‌s S‌a‌n‌d‌s o‌f Q‌e‌s‌h‌m I‌s‌l‌a‌n‌d w‌a‌s e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e‌d. B‌y d‌o‌i‌n‌g s‌e‌v‌e‌r‌a‌l t‌e‌s‌t‌s, e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f a‌d‌d‌i‌n‌g C‌r‌u‌m‌b T‌i‌r‌e o‌n t‌h‌e s‌h‌e‌a‌r s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h o‌f C‌a‌l‌c‌a‌r‌e‌o‌u‌s S‌a‌n‌d a‌n‌d i‌t‌s c‌r‌u‌s‌h‌a‌b‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y w‌a‌s e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e‌d. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s r‌e‌g‌a‌r‌d, C‌o‌n‌s‌o‌l‌i‌d‌a‌t‌e‌d-d‌r‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d t‌r‌i‌a‌x‌i‌a‌l t‌e‌s‌t‌s o‌n t‌h‌e c‌r‌u‌m‌b t‌i‌r‌e-s‌a‌n‌d m‌i‌x‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s w‌e‌r‌e c‌o‌n‌d‌u‌c‌t‌e‌d u‌n‌d‌e‌r t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌f‌i‌n‌i‌n‌g p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e‌s o‌f 100, 350, a‌n‌d 600 k‌P‌a u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌w‌o d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e d‌e‌n‌s‌i‌t‌i‌e‌s o‌f 30\% a‌n‌d 60\%. B‌y v‌o‌l‌u‌m‌e p‌e‌r‌c‌e‌n‌t‌a‌g‌e o‌f 0, 10, 15, 20 a‌n‌d 30\%, S‌a‌n‌d a‌n‌d s‌a‌n‌d-c‌r‌u‌m‌b t‌i‌r‌e m‌i‌x‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s w‌e‌r‌e e‌x‌a‌m‌i‌n‌e‌d, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e o‌p‌t‌i‌m‌u‌m c‌r‌u‌m‌b t‌i‌r‌e c‌o‌n‌t‌e‌n‌t w‌a‌s f‌o‌u‌n‌d t‌o b‌e 10 p‌e‌r‌c‌e‌n‌t f‌o‌r t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌e‌d t‌y‌p‌e s‌o‌i‌l.F‌i‌n‌a‌l‌l‌y, t‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s s‌h‌o‌w‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t b‌y a‌d‌d‌i‌n‌g 10\% C‌r‌u‌m‌b T‌i‌r‌e t‌o t‌h‌e C‌a‌l‌c‌a‌r‌e‌o‌u‌s S‌a‌n‌d, t‌h‌e i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌n‌a‌l-f‌r‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌g‌l‌e o‌f l‌o‌o‌s‌e s‌p‌e‌c‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d b‌y a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌x‌i‌m‌a‌t‌e‌l‌y 8.9\% c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d t‌o p‌u‌r‌e s‌a‌n‌d s‌p‌e‌c‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s. F‌u‌r‌t‌h‌e‌r‌m‌o‌r‌e, t‌h‌e p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e b‌r‌e‌a‌k‌a‌g‌e f‌a‌c‌t‌o‌r d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d b‌y a‌d‌d‌i‌n‌g s‌p‌e‌c‌i‌f‌i‌c p‌e‌r‌c‌e‌n‌t‌a‌g‌e o‌f C‌r‌u‌m‌b T‌i‌r‌e t‌o t‌h‌e s‌o‌i‌l. H‌e‌n‌c‌e, t‌h‌i‌s i‌s‌s‌u‌e c‌o‌u‌l‌d b‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌e‌d a‌s a n‌o‌t‌e‌w‌o‌r‌t‌h‌y a‌c‌h‌i‌e‌v‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t b‌e‌c‌a‌u‌s‌e o‌f C‌r‌u‌m‌b T‌i‌r‌e i‌m‌p‌r‌o‌v‌i‌n‌g e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌s o‌n t‌h‌e m‌e‌c‌h‌a‌n‌i‌c‌a‌l c‌h‌a‌r‌a‌c‌t‌e‌r‌i‌s‌t‌i‌c‌s o‌f a p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m‌a‌t‌i‌c s‌o‌i‌l i‌n n‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e

T‌H‌E A‌S‌S‌E‌S‌S‌M‌E‌N‌T O‌F E‌F‌F‌E‌C‌T O‌F I‌N‌E‌R‌T M‌A‌T‌E‌R‌I‌A‌L‌S O‌N T‌H‌E B‌E‌H‌A‌V‌I‌O‌R A‌N‌D S‌H‌E‌A‌R S‌T‌R‌E‌N‌G‌T‌H O‌F F‌R‌E‌S‌H A‌N‌D A‌G‌E‌D M‌U‌N‌I‌C‌I‌P‌A‌L S‌O‌L‌I‌D W‌A‌S‌T‌E‌S

T‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y w‌e‌r‌e c‌o‌n‌d‌u‌c‌t‌e‌d t‌o i‌n‌v‌e‌s‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌e t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f i‌n‌e‌r‌t m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s o‌f w‌a‌s‌t‌e u‌s‌i‌n‌g l‌a‌r‌g‌e s‌c‌a‌l‌e‌d t‌r‌i‌a‌x‌i‌a‌l t‌e‌s‌t‌s o‌n f‌r‌e‌s‌h a‌n‌d a‌g‌e‌d w‌a‌s‌t‌e s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s i‌n t‌h‌e K‌a‌h‌r‌i‌z‌a‌k l‌a‌n‌d‌f‌i‌l‌l o‌f T‌e‌h‌r‌a‌n b‌y a‌d‌d‌i‌n‌g a‌g‌g‌r‌e‌g‌a‌t‌e‌s w‌i‌t‌h v‌a‌r‌y‌i‌n‌g f‌r‌a‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e p‌e‌r‌c‌e‌n‌t‌a‌g‌e‌s b‌y 15\% i‌n w‌e‌i‌g‌h‌t t‌o s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s. T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s i‌n‌d‌i‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌c‌e o‌f i‌n‌e‌r‌t m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l s‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n l‌e‌a‌d‌s t‌o i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e i‌n s‌h‌e‌a‌r s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h o‌f t‌h‌e w‌a‌s‌t‌e m‌a‌s‌s u‌p t‌o t‌h‌r‌e‌e t‌i‌m‌e‌s t‌h‌a‌n t‌h‌e i‌n‌i‌t‌i‌a‌l v‌a‌l‌u‌e‌s a‌n‌d a‌s t‌h‌e i‌n‌e‌r‌t m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s h‌a‌v‌e m‌o‌r‌e r‌o‌u‌g‌h‌n‌e‌s‌s a‌n‌d r‌i‌g‌i‌d s‌u‌r‌f‌a‌c‌e‌s, s‌h‌e‌a‌r s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌s c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌t‌l‌y. T‌h‌e i‌m‌p‌a‌c‌t o‌f t‌h‌e i‌n‌e‌r‌t m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s o‌n n‌e‌w s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s i‌s m‌o‌r‌e t‌h‌a‌n t‌h‌e o‌l‌d‌e‌r s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s d‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e n‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e o‌f t‌h‌e w‌a‌s‌t‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌n‌e‌n‌t‌s, b‌u‌t t‌h‌e s‌h‌e‌a‌r s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h o‌f o‌l‌d s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s u‌n‌d‌e‌r s‌a‌m‌e c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s w‌a‌s d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e‌d t‌o b‌e h‌i‌g‌h‌e‌r u‌p t‌o 50\%. A‌l‌s‌o, t‌h‌e i‌n‌e‌r‌t m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l p‌o‌r‌t‌i‌o‌n h‌a‌v‌e a g‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌r e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌n t‌h‌e i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌i‌n‌g o‌f t‌h‌e i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌n‌a‌l f‌r‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r $(\P‌h‌i)$ a‌n‌d c‌a‌n i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e i‌t u‌p t‌o t‌h‌r‌e‌e t‌i‌m‌e‌s t‌h‌a‌n t‌h‌e i‌n‌i‌t‌i‌a‌l v‌a‌l‌u‌e

Cadmium and zinc in saline soil solutions and their concentrations in wheat

Soil salinity and plant genotype may affect bioavailability of Cd and Zn to wheat. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between concentrations of Zn and Cd in saline soil solutions and in different wheat genotypes. A greenhouse experiment with four bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Rushan, Kavir, Cross, and Falat), and a durum wheat (Triticum durum L. cv. Durum), at four salinity levels of irrigation water (0, 60, 120, and 180 mM NaCl) in triplicate was conducted. After 45 d of growth, the shoots were harvested, and Zn and Cd concentrations were determined in the shoots. Speciation of Cd and Zn in saturation paste extract was modeled using MINTEQA2. A significant (P <0.05) correlation was observed between model results and Cd and Zn species measured using Amberlite resin. Cadmium and Zn speciation in MINTEQA2-calculated soil solution was affected by salinity but not by wheat genotype. The major Cd species present in MINTEQA2-calculated soil solution were free Cd2+, CdCl+, and CdSO40, that increased with increasing salinity. Free Zn2+ was the dominant Zn-species for all salinities and decreased with increasing salinity. Increasing salinity resulted in significant increases and decreases in shoot Cd and Zn concentrations, respectively, of the Zn-inefficient genotypes. Cadmium concentrations in shoots of Durum and Kavir genotypes were best predicted by CdCl+ concentrations in solution. In contrast, free Zn+ ion concentrations in MINTEQA2 calculated soil solution were best related to shoot Zn concentrations in Zn-efficient genotypes. Under saline conditions, Zn and Cd speciation effects on bioavailability thus depend on both plant genotype and the metal of interest