Qualifcation of Harmful Use of Information and Communications Technologies under International Law: In Search of a Consensus

INTRODUCTION. States are seized with the question of how International Law norms should be applicable with respect to harmful use of information and communications technologies (hereinafer – ICT) in many different collective formats. Against this background, an intensive disclosure of the states' positions is a brand new trend. So, managerialism is slowly giving way to consensualism, however, do these collective and individual efforts help to clarify, at least, the key problems connected with the qualifcation of these harmful practices?MATERIALS AND METHODS. Being based on the analysis of the reports of the UN Group of Governmental Experts and the Open-Ended Working Group, as well as the ofcial positions articulated by states, this article seeks to reveal on which questions and in which volume states have managed to achieve a consensus on the qualifcation of harmful cyber activities under International Law. Tis question is crucial for the identifcation of the subsequent practice in the application of international treaties which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding their interpretation, as well as the practice and opinio juris as elements of international customs.RESEARCH RESULTS. Te research confrmed that the principle of non-intervention into domestic affairs, albeit its full applicability in cyber context is not being questioned by the states, has a very limited significance for the qualifcation of the harmful use of ICTs, which brings to the forefront the principle of sovereignty. However, the states' ofcial positions, based on a denial or, vise versa, an afrmation of this principle as a separate rule, postulate the impossibility to apply the principle of sovereignty without concretization of its content in the cyber context. Te polyphony of the approaches does not foreshadow a possibility to reach consensus on this issue in the nearest future. With respect to the jus ad bellum and jus in bello norms, the readiness of the majority of states to qualify the cases of harmful use of ICTs as a 'use of force' or even an 'armed attack', and to overstretch the scope of the International Humanitarian Law notions of an 'attack' or 'military operation', is described as being indicative of the abuse of the 'military paradigm' to assess these activities. Approaches of some states go beyond the normative scope of these notions so far that their assertion loses legal signifcance and seems to have rather a political character by primarily fulflling the deterrent function.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Te article concludes by diagnosing that a consensus between states on the application of International law to harmful ICT practices has been reached at a very high level of abstraction and hardly transcends the limits of the general acknowledgment of the applicability of International law in the cybersphere. Tis fact enshrines the indeterminacy as the main feature of the qualifcation of harmful use of ICTs under International law and renders almost every stance on nuances of the application of International law to these acts to be an ad hoc one

Synthesis of new promising compounds based on pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines for the prevention and treatment of socially significant viral infections

The purpose of the study is development of new approaches based on the application of the methodology of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to the synthesis of 2,4-diaryl-substituted pyrrolo[2,1- f] [1,2,4] triazines, promising for the prevention and treatment of socially significant viral infections.Цель исследования - разработка новых подходов, основанных на применении методологии 1,3- диполярного циклоприсоединения, к синтезу 2,4-диарилзамещенных пирроло[2,1- f][1,2,4]триазинов, перспективных для профилактики и лечения социально значимых вирусных инфекций

On the issue of obtaining platelet-rich plasma

Objective: To determine the optimal technological modes for the preparation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) using standard laboratory equipment.Material and methods: Blood for the research was taken from 25 healthy volunteers. Its centrifugation was performed on a standard CM-6M laboratory centrifuge using various modes and two types of vacuum tubes with lithium heparin containing separation gel and without it. The number of platelets and leukocytes was calculated in the upper, lower and middle layers of the obtained plasma sample.Results: Plasma samples obtained during centrifugation modes from 415 to 1660 g for 10 minutes using test tubes that do not contain separation gel are optimal in terms of the number of platelets. Plasma intake from the lower layer of the obtained sample after centrifugation is always accompanied by the inclusion of leukocytes in its composition, which can lead to undesirable tissue reactions when it is used.Conclusion: To obtain PRP, it is possible to use standard laboratory equipment in the centrifugation mode from 415 to 1660 g for 10 minutes using test tubes that do not contain separation gel. Plasma sampling for clinical use should be carried out from the middle layer of the obtained sample

Prognostic and preventive role of various factors in corneal rejection after keratoplasty

The literature review is devoted to the analysis of modern publications on the immunological and pathogenetic mechanisms of transplanted corneal rejection, risk factors, predictors and methods of the prevention of this complication. The prevention of corneal rejection is challenging.Currently, there is no single algorithm for the predicting methods of the corneal graft rejection, so further research in this area is needed.Purpose. To assemble the current data on immunological and non-immunological predictors of postoperative complications after keratoplasty. The analysis of modern publications on the immunological and pathogenetic mechanisms of corneal transplant rejection, risk factors, predictors and methods of prevention of this complication is presented. The databases used were CyberLeninka, PubMed, and Medline. The focus was on the publications of the last 10 year s.Conclusion. The data presented in the review make it possible to identify signs of corneal transplant rejection and to determine treatment in a timely manner, as well as to implement methods for preventing these complications

Parathyroid hormone-related protein as predictor of urolithiasis disease development

Background. The present article studies a possible role of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in urolithiasis pathogenesis.Aim. To consider PTHrP level as a predictor of the urolithiasis development.Material and Methods. We presented an analysis of treatment in 79 patients with primary and recurrent nephrolithiasis that had underwent surgical treatment in the Uronephrological Center of Scientific Research Institute – Ochapovsky Regional Clinical Hospital no. 1, Krasnodar from 2017 to 2019. All observed patients were divided in two groups: patients with primary and recurrent nephrolithiasis. A group of 10 relatively healthy people was included in the study as well. All patients and conditionally healthy people had a test for blood parameters; in particular, the level of parathyroid hormone-related protein was assessed in order to compare the indicators in all three groups.Conclusions. The PTHrP level was showed to be statistically significantly different in patients with urolithiasis from the group with relatively healthy people. Groups with primary and recurrent nephrolithiasis show not difference in the level of PTHrP. Further studies are necessary to consider this protein as one of the predictors of urolithiasis and study its role in the pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis

Outcomes of ICU patients with and without perceptions of excessive care:a comparison between cancer and non-cancer patients

BACKGROUND: Whether Intensive Care Unit (ICU) clinicians display unconscious bias towards cancer patients is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of critically ill patients with and without perceptions of excessive care (PECs) by ICU clinicians in patients with and without cancer.METHODS: This study is a sub-analysis of the large multicentre DISPROPRICUS study. Clinicians of 56 ICUs in Europe and the United States completed a daily questionnaire about the appropriateness of care during a 28-day period. We compared the cumulative incidence of patients with concordant PECs, treatment limitation decisions (TLDs) and death between patients with uncontrolled and controlled cancer, and patients without cancer.RESULTS: Of the 1641 patients, 117 (7.1%) had uncontrolled cancer and 270 (16.4%) had controlled cancer. The cumulative incidence of concordant PECs in patients with uncontrolled and controlled cancer versus patients without cancer was 20.5%, 8.1%, and 9.1% (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.62, respectively). In patients with concordant PECs, we found no evidence for a difference in time from admission until death (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.60-1.72 and HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.49-1.54) and TLDs (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.33-1.99 and HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.27-1.81) across subgroups. In patients without concordant PECs, we found differences between the time from admission until death (HR 2.23, 95% CI 1.58-3.15 and 1.66, 95% CI 1.28-2.15), without a corresponding increase in time until TLDs (NA, p = 0.3 and 0.7) across subgroups.CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a difference in time from admission until TLDs and death in patients with concordant PECs makes bias by ICU clinicians towards cancer patients unlikely. However, the differences between the time from admission until death, without a corresponding increase in time until TLDs, suggest prognostic unawareness, uncertainty or optimism in ICU clinicians who did not provide PECs, more specifically in patients with uncontrolled cancer. This study highlights the need to improve intra- and interdisciplinary ethical reflection and subsequent decision-making at the ICU.</p

Outcomes of ICU patients with and without perceptions of excessive care:a comparison between cancer and non-cancer patients

BACKGROUND: Whether Intensive Care Unit (ICU) clinicians display unconscious bias towards cancer patients is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of critically ill patients with and without perceptions of excessive care (PECs) by ICU clinicians in patients with and without cancer.METHODS: This study is a sub-analysis of the large multicentre DISPROPRICUS study. Clinicians of 56 ICUs in Europe and the United States completed a daily questionnaire about the appropriateness of care during a 28-day period. We compared the cumulative incidence of patients with concordant PECs, treatment limitation decisions (TLDs) and death between patients with uncontrolled and controlled cancer, and patients without cancer.RESULTS: Of the 1641 patients, 117 (7.1%) had uncontrolled cancer and 270 (16.4%) had controlled cancer. The cumulative incidence of concordant PECs in patients with uncontrolled and controlled cancer versus patients without cancer was 20.5%, 8.1%, and 9.1% (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.62, respectively). In patients with concordant PECs, we found no evidence for a difference in time from admission until death (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.60-1.72 and HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.49-1.54) and TLDs (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.33-1.99 and HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.27-1.81) across subgroups. In patients without concordant PECs, we found differences between the time from admission until death (HR 2.23, 95% CI 1.58-3.15 and 1.66, 95% CI 1.28-2.15), without a corresponding increase in time until TLDs (NA, p = 0.3 and 0.7) across subgroups.CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a difference in time from admission until TLDs and death in patients with concordant PECs makes bias by ICU clinicians towards cancer patients unlikely. However, the differences between the time from admission until death, without a corresponding increase in time until TLDs, suggest prognostic unawareness, uncertainty or optimism in ICU clinicians who did not provide PECs, more specifically in patients with uncontrolled cancer. This study highlights the need to improve intra- and interdisciplinary ethical reflection and subsequent decision-making at the ICU.</p

Outcomes of ICU patients with and without perceptions of excessive care:a comparison between cancer and non-cancer patients

BACKGROUND: Whether Intensive Care Unit (ICU) clinicians display unconscious bias towards cancer patients is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of critically ill patients with and without perceptions of excessive care (PECs) by ICU clinicians in patients with and without cancer.METHODS: This study is a sub-analysis of the large multicentre DISPROPRICUS study. Clinicians of 56 ICUs in Europe and the United States completed a daily questionnaire about the appropriateness of care during a 28-day period. We compared the cumulative incidence of patients with concordant PECs, treatment limitation decisions (TLDs) and death between patients with uncontrolled and controlled cancer, and patients without cancer.RESULTS: Of the 1641 patients, 117 (7.1%) had uncontrolled cancer and 270 (16.4%) had controlled cancer. The cumulative incidence of concordant PECs in patients with uncontrolled and controlled cancer versus patients without cancer was 20.5%, 8.1%, and 9.1% (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.62, respectively). In patients with concordant PECs, we found no evidence for a difference in time from admission until death (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.60-1.72 and HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.49-1.54) and TLDs (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.33-1.99 and HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.27-1.81) across subgroups. In patients without concordant PECs, we found differences between the time from admission until death (HR 2.23, 95% CI 1.58-3.15 and 1.66, 95% CI 1.28-2.15), without a corresponding increase in time until TLDs (NA, p = 0.3 and 0.7) across subgroups.CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a difference in time from admission until TLDs and death in patients with concordant PECs makes bias by ICU clinicians towards cancer patients unlikely. However, the differences between the time from admission until death, without a corresponding increase in time until TLDs, suggest prognostic unawareness, uncertainty or optimism in ICU clinicians who did not provide PECs, more specifically in patients with uncontrolled cancer. This study highlights the need to improve intra- and interdisciplinary ethical reflection and subsequent decision-making at the ICU.</p

Comparative analysis of local stimulation methods of reparative osteogenesis

Objective To determine the ratio of the main growth factors when using various methods of local stimulation of reparative osteogenesis.Material and methods The study consisted of two parts: in the first part a comparative analysis of the content of growth factors by ELISA was carried out (PDGF – platelet derived growth factor, TGF – transforming growth factor, VEGF – vascular endothelial growth factor, IGF – insulin-like growth factor, BMP6 and BMP7 – morphogenetic proteins 6 and 7), capable of stimulating reparative osteogenesis in blood plasma, plateletrich plasma, red bone marrow and bone autoregenerate. The second part presented the results of approbation of the autoregenerate obtained according to the original method in the framework of an acute experiment on animals.Results The most important cytokines affecting the process of reparative osteogenesis are fibroblast growth factor – FGF1 and bone morphogenetic protein 7 – BMP7. Based on the results of a comparative enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, it has been established that the autoregenerate, obtained by the original method, and a bone marrow aspirate concentrate have the highest osteogenic potential.Conclusion Autoregenerate is an effective and promising means of local stimulation of reparative osteogenesis, and its transplantation is a simple and highly effective procedure