The Complications Involved in Processing Graphite Ore from Tapaskonda area, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh

Graphite is one of the most versatile non-metallic minerals because of its diverse properties. To make the graphite suitable to any group of industry need special type of treatment or processing of the ore. Efforts are made to study the feasibility of economic processing to get a commercial grade of graphite to suit the specific industrial uses and at the same time recovering the tungsten values from the identified sources are in progress . The various complications and implications are discussed. Burugubanda graphite deposit (SW) zone does not pose any difficulty, but Tapaskonda graphite (NE) zone posses complications during grinding to coarse medium and fine sizes and recovery of tungsten values at various stages by suitable processes like jigging , tabling, hydrocyclones. The gravity recovery is maximum in fine sizes -200 mesh giving a grade more than 90% F C and 88-90% of recovery. During comminution process and size sepe-ration the complications are explained . After crossing all the complications we could achieve a final grade of graphite assaying 90 % F C. with 85% of recovery. After obtaining preconcentrates of WO3 we could finally achieve the 60% WO3 marketable grade is 65% WO,. Further studies are in progress to have a detailed mineralogical, parti- culate and geochemical studies of tungsten and graphite and other associated minerals so that we can suggest a suitable method to have a better grade of tungsten conce- ntrate considering the large promising potentialities of the are in Andhra Pradesh

Nuclear oxidation in flavones and related compounds. Part XXXIV. Para- oxidation in the side-phenyl nucleus: Preparation of 6'- hydroxy-myricetin

This article does not have an abstract

Esters of petroselinic acid containing Trachyspermum copticum seed oil: Potential industrial lubricant base stocks

126-134Trachyspermum copticum seed oil contains volatile oil rich in thymol, which is distilled out and used for medicinal and aromatic formulations. The seed powder after removal of the volatiles loses its importance. However, the fixed oil being rich in unsaturation with petroselinic acid (18:1, Δ6; 68.3%) and linoleic acid (18:2; 25.3%) is used for preparing biolubricant base stocks. Methyl, isopropyl and 2-ethyl hexyl esters of the oil have been converted to epoxides, followed by in situ hydroxylation and acylation using hexanoic and butyric anhydrides. The acylated products have been evaluated for lubricant properties, and are found to exhibit density (0.91-0.97 g/cc); viscosity of 23.5-27.3 cSt at 40°C and 4.85-5.33 cSt at 100°C. The values are comparable to jatropha acylated products. The products exhibited good copper corrosion resistance value of ‘1a’ and high flash points of 230-242°C. The acylated esters with good weld load behavior, and lower wear and pour point values and viscosity indices, 128.84-138.94, can be potential base stocks belonging to group III category lubricants with ISO VG Grade about 22. These products can be further explored for the preparation of hydraulic, metal working and other industrial fluid formulations

Econometric modeling of tobacco exports in the milieu of changing global and national policy regimes: repercussions on the Indian tobacco sector

IntroductionTobacco, an important commercial crop, plays a crucial role in farmers' incomes and livelihoods to a sizable population and contributes significant exchange earnings to the Indian economy. Currently, India is the second-largest tobacco producer after China, with a production of 758 million kg (13% of global production) and exports of ~190 million kg of tobacco (9% of global tobacco export volume). However, there are uncertainties surrounding the tobacco sector, such as growing public health and environmental issues associated with tobacco production and consumption and changing national and international tobacco-related policy regimes. In this context, the current study investigates the determinants of tobacco exports and geographical shifts in export destinations over the years.MethodsThe statistical models employed are co-integration, and vector error-correlation models to test the short-run and long-run dynamics relationship between tobacco exports and the explanatory variables, and the Markov chain approach to find out geographical shifts in export destinations.Results and discussionThe econometric model estimated the relationship between the tobacco export volume with domestic production, export price, and global demand for Indian tobacco, and investigated the geographical shift in export destinations of tobacco in the context of changing global and national policy regimes on the sector. The econometric modeling framework confirms that there exists a statistically significant relationship between Indian tobacco export demand, domestic production, export price, and world demand for Indian tobacco. The geographical shift was evident in major export destinations during the post-WHO-FCTC (Framework Convention on Tobacco Control) regime. The model findings direct that India should take advantage of the export price, and global demand for tobacco as India ratified WHO-FCTC; there is no scope for horizontal expansion of the area under tobacco. This modeling framework aids as a tool to direct and explore the possible options with a greater emphasis on export-centric farming system in tobacco production by augmenting crop compliance and quality to meet the standards of international markets

A bibliography of parasites and diseases of marine and freshwater fishes of India

With the increasing demand for fish as human food, aquaculture both in freshwater and salt water is rapidly developing over the world. In the developing countries, fishes are being raised as food. In many countries fish farming is a very important economic activity. The most recent branch, mariculture, has shown advances in raising fishes in brackish, estuarine and bay waters, in which marine, anadromous and catadromous fishes have successfully been grown and maintained

Studies on the Formation Equilibria of Binary & Ternary Complexes of Copper(II) with Acetylacetone & Some Amino Acids

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Lamellar and three-dimensional hybrid compounds formed by cyclohexene- and cyclohexanedicarboxylates of Pb, La, and Cd

To establish factors that determine the formation of three-dimensional hybrid structures of metal dicarboxylates involving metal–oxygen–metal linkages, we have investigated metal dicarboxylates derived from 1,2-cyclohexene as well as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids. Thus, we have synthesized a 1,2-cyclohexenedicarboxylate of Cd, [Cd(1,2-CHeDC)(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)] (I), a 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate of Pb, [Pb(1,2-CHDC)] (II), and three 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylates of La [La<SUB>2</SUB>(1,4-CHDC)<SUB>3</SUB>(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)<SUB>4</SUB>] (III), [La<SUB>3</SUB>(1,4-HCHDC)<SUB>2</SUB>(1,4-CHDC)<SUB>5</SUB>(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)<SUB>2</SUB>]·H<SUB>2</SUB>O (IV) and [La<SUB>2</SUB>(1,4-CHDC)<SUB>3</SUB>(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)]·2.5 H<SUB>2</SUB>O (V) under hydrothermal conditions and determined their structures. A mixed dicarboxylate involving both 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexenedicarboxylates of Pb, [Pb<SUB>3</SUB>O(1,3-CHDC)(1,4-CHDC)]·0.5 H<SUB>2</SUB>O (VI) and a 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate of Pb, [Pb<SUB>6</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>(1,4-CHDC)<SUB>3</SUB>(1,4-HCHDC)<SUB>2</SUB>], have also been synthesized and characterized. While the 1,2-dicarboxylates have layered structures, the 1,4-dicarboxylates and the mixed dicarboxylates possess three-dimensional structures. Interestingly, both the 1,2 and 1,4-dicarboxylates are true hybrid compounds composed of infinite M-O-M linkages. The equatorial–equatorial (e,e) conformation is adopted commonly in all these compounds, although less stable conformations are encountered occasionally. The formation of the layered and the three-dimensional structures can be understood based on the relative disposition of the two carboxylic groups, the 1,4-isomer favoring the three-dimensional structure. Based on the results of the present study along with the available literature, we conclude that in order to obtain three-dimensional hybrid structures with metal-oxygen-metal networks, it appears necessary to make use of the 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid