POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF ICT BASED DEMAND-RESPONSIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SCHEMES IN THE FREE STATE

Published Conference ProceedingsReliability and accessibility of public transportation are major concerns. ICT based demand responsive schemes can be the ultimate solution to these problems. Even though Demand Responsive Transportation solutions have always been conventional for cabs to meet individual traveller’s needs, they have not been used for buses and mini-bus taxis in the Free State. Therefore, they can be considered to provide reliable and flexible transportation to meet the public’s momentary transportation needs at affordable rates using taxis and buses. Current accessibility problems like long walking distance to bus stops and long waiting times can be solved using demand responsive schemes and cheaper demand based minibus taxi or bus services would reduce the use of expensive cabs. This would reduce public transportation reliability, accessibility, affordability and efficiency problems, but might not have the same impact on operators and public transportation users. The benefits they might have on public transportation users could lead to immediate or long-term consequences for the operators. This paper aims at evaluating the possible impacts of using ICT based technologies and applications for demand responsive public transportation in the Free State province and how they may impact public transportation operators and users in terms of dead mileage, travel times, intensity of demand in different areas and acceptance of these schemes by the public and operators

POSSIBLE CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATING ICTS INTO THE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN THE FREE STATE

ArticleInformationCommunicationTechnologies(ICTs)arebecomingahugepartofthepublictransportationsystemsallovertheworld.ICTsinpublictransportation,alsoknownasIntelligentTransportationSystemsarerelativelynewinSouthAfricaandevenunheardofinsomepartsoftheFreeStateprovinceofSouthAfrica.Thesetechnologies,whichincludeelectronicfarepayments,VariableMessageSigns,AutomaticVehicleLocation,CCTVsurveillance,mobileapplicationsandtheinternetareyettobeimplementedintheFreeStateprovince.TheuptakeofICTsolutionsinpublictransportationinothercountrieswasbasedonassumptionsthatitwillimprovepublictransportationthroughthesetechnologicaldevelopments.Itwasthoughtthattechnologywillimproveservicedelivery,thereforereducingtheexistingbarrierstowardspublictransportationandresultinginthepublicbeingmorepatriotictopublictransportationsystems(NelsonandMulley,2013).ChallengesarelikelytobeencounteredwhenintegratingICTsintothepublictransportationatallstagesoftheprocess,fromplanninghowtousethesolutionstothefunctionalstageofthefullyintegratedpublictransportationsystem.Therefore,beforedeployingthesetechnologies,thesepossiblechallengesshouldbeconsidered,takingintoconsiderationthecurrentstateofpublictransportation,itsmanagement,commuters,operatorsanddrivers

Effect of electronic cigarette (EC) aerosols on particle size distribution in indoor air and in a radon chamber

Particle size distribution is an important factor governing whether aerosols can be deposited in various respiratory tract regions in humans. Recently, electronic cigarette (EC), as the alternative of tobacco cigarette, has become increasingly popular all over the world. However, emissions from ECs may contribute to both indoor and outdoor air pollution; moreover, comments about their safety remain controversial, and the number of users is increasing rapidly. In this investigation, aerosols were generated from ECs and studied in the indoor air and in a chamber under controlled conditions of radon concentration. The generated aerosols were characterized in terms of particle number concentrations, size, and activity distributions by using aerosol diffusion spectrometer (ADS), diffusion battery, and cascade impactor. The range of ADS assessment was from 10 -3 μm to 10 μm. The number concentration of the injected aerosol particles was between 40 000 and 100 000 particles/cm 3 . The distribution of these particles was the most within the ultrafi ne particle size range (0-0.2 μm), and the other particle were in the size range from 0.3 μm to 1 μm. The surface area distribution and the mass size distribution are presented and compared with bimodal distribution. In the radon chamber, all distributions were clearly bimodal, as the free radon decay product was approximately 1 nm in diameter, with a fraction of ~0.7 for a clean chamber (without any additional source of aerosols). The attached fraction with the aerosol particles from the ECs had a size not exceeding 1.0 μm. © 2019 H. N. Khalaf, M. Y. A. Mostafa & M. Zhukovsky

Dexamethasone for the prevention of neonatal respiratory morbidity before elective cesarean section at term

Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the principal cause of early neonatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone administration 48 hours before elective cesarean section (CS) at term on neonatal respiratory morbidity. Methods: The current study was a case-control study conducted between June 2015 and November 2015. Women who attended the labor ward in Sohag University Hospital, Egypt, after 37 weeks of gestation for elective CS were approached for participation. The patients received 2 intramuscular doses of 12 mg dexamethasone 12 hours apart in the 48 hours before CS (N=246). The control group included women who did not receive dexamethasone before CS during the same period of the study (N=275). Results: No significant differences were detected between the study and control groups with regard to age, parity or gestational age at delivery. There was a significantly higher number of neonates with RDS and transient tachypnea in the control group compared to the study group (p=0.001). The rate of neonatal admission to the neonatal care unit (NICU) was significantly lower in the study group (p=0.001). Conclusions: Prophylactic dexamethasone administration before elective CS at term significantly reduces neonatal respiratory morbidity and admission to NICU

Dexamethasone for the prevention of neonatal respiratory morbidity before elective cesarean section at term

Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the principal cause of early neonatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone administration 48 hours before elective cesarean section (CS) at term on neonatal respiratory morbidity. Methods: The current study was a case-control study conducted between June 2015 and November 2015. Women who attended the labor ward in Sohag University Hospital, Egypt, after 37 weeks of gestation for elective CS were approached for participation. The patients received 2 intramuscular doses of 12 mg dexamethasone 12 hours apart in the 48 hours before CS (N=246). The control group included women who did not receive dexamethasone before CS during the same period of the study (N=275). Results: No significant differences were detected between the study and control groups with regard to age, parity or gestational age at delivery. There was a significantly higher number of neonates with RDS and transient tachypnea in the control group compared to the study group (p=0.001). The rate of neonatal admission to the neonatal care unit (NICU) was significantly lower in the study group (p=0.001). Conclusions: Prophylactic dexamethasone administration before elective CS at term significantly reduces neonatal respiratory morbidity and admission to NICU

Possible impacts of ICT based demand-responsive public transportation schemes in the Free State

Reliability and accessibility of public transportation are major concerns. ICT based demand responsive schemes can be the ultimate solution to these problems. Even though Demand Responsive Transportation solutions have always been conventional for cabs to meet individual traveller?s needs, they have not been used for buses and mini-bus taxis in the Free State. Therefore, they can be considered to provide reliable and flexible transportation to meet the public?s momentary transportation needs at affordable rates using taxis and buses. Current accessibility problems like long walking distance to bus stops and long waiting times can be solved using demand responsive schemes and cheaper demand based minibus taxi or bus services would reduce the use of expensive cabs. This would reduce public transportation reliability, accessibility, affordability and efficiency problems, but might not have the same impact on operators and public transportation users. The benefits they might have on public transportation users could lead to immediate or long-term consequences for the operators. This paper aims at evaluating the possible impacts of using ICT based technologies and applications for demand responsive public transportation in the Free State province and how they may impact public transportation operators and users in terms of dead mileage, travel times, intensity of demand in different areas and acceptance of these schemes by the public and operators.Paper presented at the 35th Annual Southern African Transport Conference 4-7 July 2016 "Transport ? a catalyst for socio-economic growth and development opportunities to improve quality of life", CSIR International Convention Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.The Minister of Transport, South AfricaTransportation Research Board of the US

Laparoscopic and bacteriologic evidence of bacterial vaginosis in unexplained infertility

Background: Aim of current study was to estimate the prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) among women with Unexplained Infertility (UI) and to describe laparoscopic appearances in positive cases.Methods: Design: Prospective randomized comparative diagnostic trial. Setting: Tertiary care referral facility and University hospital. Patients: One hundred and fifty women divided into UI study group A (120 cases) and a control group B (30 cases). Intervention(s): Vaginal and endouterine swabs form two subgroups of the UI group (60 cases each) and vaginal swabs from control group (30 cases). All swabs were tested using Amsel's criteria then cultured. Thereafter, UI group (60 cases) was subjected to diagnostic laparoscopy. Main outcome measure(s):  the prevalence of BV among women with UI and laparoscopic findings among positive cases.Results: In the study group, the number of positive cases of BV confirmed by culture was 51 cases (42.5%) while it was diagnosed in three cases (10%) in group B (P = 0.0001). In group A, BV was diagnosed in 24 and 27 infertile cases with periods of infertility less than and more than 3 years respectively and in 39 patients (32.5%) with recurrent vaginitis without statistically significant difference. There was an insignificant difference in diagnosis of BV whether the site of sample was the posterior fornix of the vagina or the endometrial cavity. Positive laparoscopic findings were reported in 77 patients (64.2%). The most common laparoscopic abnormalities were hyperemic uterus and chronic salpingitis.   Conclusions: BV is frequently implicated in female infertility and it is probably an underestimated cause of UI. There is no extra benefit from using culture instead of Amsel’s criteria for the diagnosis of BV.  No difference in the site of sample taking in diagnosis of BV from posterior vaginal fornix or endometrial cavity.  Laparoscopy is very beneficial in explaining the effect of BV on the upper genital tract

Prediction of preterm birth by evaluating the fetal adrenal gland volume and blood flow: a pilot study

Background: The aim of the current study was to estimate the risk of preterm birth (delivery < 37 weeks of gestation) by evaluating the fetal adrenal gland volume and blood flow at Women’s Health Hospital, Assiut University, Egypt.Methods: A pilot prospective cohort study included pregnant women presented to our hospital with threatened preterm labor between December 2016 and May 2018. All women were recruited consecutively at the emergency unit of Women’s Health Hospital at Assiut University. The fetal adrenal gland volume was assessed using 3-dimensional images of the fetal adrenal with the aid of Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis (VOCAL) software. Doppler evaluation of the fetal adrenal blood vessels was carried out. The RI, PI and S/D ratio was calculated for every case. The neonatal outcomes at delivery were assessed and compared with respect to the duration of actual delivery from the time of evaluation. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22.0) and p<0.05 was taken as the significant level.Results: The study included 30 pregnant women at the final analysis. Women were classified according to the time of actual delivery into two groups. Group (I, n=13) those who delivered within 7 days and group (II, n=17) those who delivered 7 days or more. No difference between both groups regarding the baseline characteristics. No difference regarding the mode of delivery (p=0.708). All Doppler indices were statistically in-different between both groups. The fetal adrenal gland volume was significantly lower in group II than group I (p=0.001). On ROC analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) for prediction of preterm birth based on the fetal adrenal gland volume was (AUC= 0.873). The ROC curve shows that the best cut off value using the volume was ≥0.461 with 76.92% sensitivity and 88.24% specificity for prediction of preterm birth with an overall accuracy of 83.3%.Conclusions: Fetal adrenal gland volume was identified as a significant predictor of delivery in pregnant women who had spontaneous preterm births with intact membranes