2,555 research outputs found
A Drift-Kinetic Analytical Model for SOL Plasma Dynamics at Arbitrary Collisionality
A drift-kinetic model to describe the plasma dynamics in the scrape-off layer
region of tokamak devices at arbitrary collisionality is derived. Our
formulation is based on a gyroaveraged Lagrangian description of the charged
particle motion, and the corresponding drift-kinetic Boltzmann equation that
includes a full Coulomb collision operator. Using a Hermite-Laguerre velocity
space decomposition of the gyroaveraged distribution function, a set of
equations to evolve the coefficients of the expansion is presented. By
evaluating explicitly the moments of the Coulomb collision operator,
distribution functions arbitrarily far from equilibrium can be studied at
arbitrary collisionalities. A fluid closure in the high-collisionality limit is
presented, and the corresponding fluid equations are compared with
previously-derived fluid models
Influence of higher-order harmonics on the saturation of the tearing mode
The nonlinear saturation of the tearing mode is revisited in slab geometry by
taking into account higher-order harmonics in the outer solution. The general
formalism for tackling this problem in the case of a vanishing current gradient
at the resonant surface is derived. It is shown that, although the higher-order
harmonics lead to corrections in the final saturation equation, they are of
higher order in the perturbation parameter, which provides a formal proof that
the standard one-harmonic approach is asymptotically correct.Comment: Accepted to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusio
Male mice emit distinct ultrasonic vocalizations when the female leaves the social interaction arena.
Adult male mice emit large number of complex ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) when interacting with adult females. Call numbers and call categories differ greatly among inbred mouse strains. Little is known about USV emissions when the social partner departs. To investigate whether call repertoires and call rates are different when the male is interacting with a female and after the removal of the female, we designed a novel male-female social interaction test in which vocalizations were recorded across three phases. During phase 1, the male subject freely interacts with an unfamiliar estrus female mouse in a clean cage for 5 min. During phase 2, the female is removed while the male remains in the cage for 3 min. During phase 3, the same female is returned to the cage to rejoin the male subject mouse for 3 min. C57BL/6J (B6), FVB.129P2-Pde6b(+) Tyr(c-ch)/Ant (FVB), and BTBR T+ tf/J (BTBR) male subject mice were tested in this paradigm. All three strains emitted USVs during their initial interaction with the female partner. When the female was reintroduced in phase 3, numbers of USVs were similar to the initial introductory phase 1. Strain comparisons indicated fewer calls in pairs of BTBR males and stimulus females than in pairs of B6 males and stimulus females and pairs of FVB males and stimulus females. In the absence of the female, all FVB males vocalized, while only one third of B6 males and one third of BTBR males vocalized. In all three strains, changes in call category repertoires were detected after the female was removed. Call categories reverted to the phase 1 pattern when the female was returned in phase 3. Present findings indicate that males of commonly used inbred strains emit USVs when a partner female leaves the testing arena, suggesting that removing a salient social stimulus may be a unique approach to elicit USVs from mice. Our three-phase paradigm may also be useful for studying attention to social cues, and qualitative differences in vocalizations when a social partner is present vs. suddenly absent
Plasmoid and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in Sweet-Parker current sheets
A 2D linear theory of the instability of Sweet-Parker (SP) current sheets is
developed in the framework of Reduced MHD. A local analysis is performed taking
into account the dependence of a generic equilibrium profile on the outflow
coordinate. The plasmoid instability [Loureiro et al, Phys. Plasmas {\bf 14},
100703 (2007)] is recovered, i.e., current sheets are unstable to the formation
of a large-wave-number chain of plasmoids (k_{\rm max}\Lsheet \sim S^{3/8},
where is the wave-number of fastest growing mode, S=\Lsheet
V_A/\eta is the Lundquist number, \Lsheet is the length of the sheet,
is the Alfv\'en speed and is the plasma resistivity), which grows
super-Alfv\'enically fast (\gmax\tau_A\sim S^{1/4}, where \gmax is the
maximum growth rate, and \tau_A=\Lsheet/V_A). For typical background
profiles, the growth rate and the wave-number are found to {\it increase} in
the outflow direction. This is due to the presence of another mode, the
Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability, which is triggered at the periphery of the
layer, where the outflow velocity exceeds the Alfv\'en speed associated with
the upstream magnetic field. The KH instability grows even faster than the
plasmoid instability, \gmax \tau_A \sim k_{\rm max} \Lsheet\sim S^{1/2}. The
effect of viscosity () on the plasmoid instability is also addressed. In
the limit of large magnetic Prandtl numbers, , it is found that
\gmax\sim S^{1/4}Pm^{-5/8} and k_{\rm max} \Lsheet\sim S^{3/8}Pm^{-3/16},
leading to the prediction that the critical Lundquist number for plasmoid
instability in the regime is \Scrit\sim 10^4Pm^{1/2}. These results
are verified via direct numerical simulation of the linearized equations, using
a new, analytical 2D SP equilibrium solution.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
The fully kinetic Biermann battery and associated generation of pressure anisotropy
The dynamical evolution of a fully kinetic, collisionless system with imposed
background density and temperature gradients is investigated analytically. The
temperature gradient leads to the generation of temperature anisotropy, with
the temperature along the gradient becoming larger than that in the direction
perpendicular to it. This causes the system to become unstable to pressure
anisotropy driven instabilities, dominantly to electron Weibel. When both
density and temperature gradients are present and non-parallel to each other,
we obtain a Biermann-like linear in time magnetic field growth. Accompanying
particle in cell numerical simulations are shown to confirm our analytical
results.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, + Supplementary materials (4 pages, 2 figures
Atividades de enoturismo como facilitadoras da qualidade da relação na indústria do vinho
This study aims to explore how wine producers and distributors and wine producers describe the organizational social capabilities they develop, as a facilitating facet of Relationship Quality (RQ). Therefore, we conducted and analysed 44 in-depth interview among members of top managers of wine producers and wine distributors. Findings highlight the organizational capabilities, social events and the players’ history as the core elements to develop an interactive relationship quality among stakeholdersinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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