Genotipovi P i G goveđeg rotavirusa i njihova prevalencija u teladi najranije dobi.

To investigate the epidemical characteristics and genotypic distribution of bovine rotavirus in Punjab, 120 fecal samples were collected from calves exhibiting diarrhea and screened for the presence of rotavirus using RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR. Twenty-three samples were positive by RNA-PAGE having electrophoretic patterns that corresponded to mammalian group A rotaviruses. All the samples were (120) screened by RT-PCR for VP7 and VP4 genes and 16 samples were found to be positive for VP7. Out of these 16 samples, 4 samples were also positive for VP4. These were analyzed further by multiplex semi-nested PCR for G and P genotypes, and it was confirmed that 43.75% (7/16) were the G3 type, while 6.25% (1/16) was the G8 type and 50% (8/16) were dual G3G8 types. P genotyping classified all the samples 100% (4/4) as the P[5] genotype. It may be concluded that most prevalent combination of rotavirus infection in bovine was G3G8P[5] in Punjab.Radi istraživanja epizootioloških obilježja i proširenosti genotipova goveđeg rotavirusa u Punjabu, prikupljeno je bilo 120 uzoraka izmeta teladi s proljevom te pretraženo na prisutnost rotavirusa RNApoliakrilamid-gel-elekroforezom (RNA-PAGE) i lančanom reakcijom polimerazom uz prethodnu reverznu transkripciju (RT-PCR). Od toga su 23 uzorka bila pozitivna pretragom RNA-PAGE s elektroforetskim uzorkom koji je odgovarao skupini A rotavirusa sisavaca. Svih 120 uzoraka izmeta bilo je pretraženo RT-PCR-om na prisutnost gena za proteine VP7 i VP4. Ustanovljeno je 16 pozitivnih za VP7. Od tih 16, četiri su bila pozitivna i za VP4. Ti su dodatno bili pretraženi višestrukom poluugniježđenom lančanom reakcijom polimerazom za genotipove G i P. Utvrđeno je da je 43,75% (7/16) pripadalo genotipu G3, dok je 6,25% (1/16) bilo genotipa G8, a 50% (8/16) pripadalo je i G3 i G8 genotipu. Svi su uzorci (4/4) na osnovi P genotipizacije pripadali genotipu P[5]. Može se zaključiti da je infekcija goveda u Punjabu najčešće uzrokovana kombinacijom rotavirusa G3, G8 i P[5]

Genotipovi P i G goveđeg rotavirusa i njihova prevalencija u teladi najranije dobi.

To investigate the epidemical characteristics and genotypic distribution of bovine rotavirus in Punjab, 120 fecal samples were collected from calves exhibiting diarrhea and screened for the presence of rotavirus using RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR. Twenty-three samples were positive by RNA-PAGE having electrophoretic patterns that corresponded to mammalian group A rotaviruses. All the samples were (120) screened by RT-PCR for VP7 and VP4 genes and 16 samples were found to be positive for VP7. Out of these 16 samples, 4 samples were also positive for VP4. These were analyzed further by multiplex semi-nested PCR for G and P genotypes, and it was confirmed that 43.75% (7/16) were the G3 type, while 6.25% (1/16) was the G8 type and 50% (8/16) were dual G3G8 types. P genotyping classified all the samples 100% (4/4) as the P[5] genotype. It may be concluded that most prevalent combination of rotavirus infection in bovine was G3G8P[5] in Punjab.Radi istraživanja epizootioloških obilježja i proširenosti genotipova goveđeg rotavirusa u Punjabu, prikupljeno je bilo 120 uzoraka izmeta teladi s proljevom te pretraženo na prisutnost rotavirusa RNApoliakrilamid-gel-elekroforezom (RNA-PAGE) i lančanom reakcijom polimerazom uz prethodnu reverznu transkripciju (RT-PCR). Od toga su 23 uzorka bila pozitivna pretragom RNA-PAGE s elektroforetskim uzorkom koji je odgovarao skupini A rotavirusa sisavaca. Svih 120 uzoraka izmeta bilo je pretraženo RT-PCR-om na prisutnost gena za proteine VP7 i VP4. Ustanovljeno je 16 pozitivnih za VP7. Od tih 16, četiri su bila pozitivna i za VP4. Ti su dodatno bili pretraženi višestrukom poluugniježđenom lančanom reakcijom polimerazom za genotipove G i P. Utvrđeno je da je 43,75% (7/16) pripadalo genotipu G3, dok je 6,25% (1/16) bilo genotipa G8, a 50% (8/16) pripadalo je i G3 i G8 genotipu. Svi su uzorci (4/4) na osnovi P genotipizacije pripadali genotipu P[5]. Može se zaključiti da je infekcija goveda u Punjabu najčešće uzrokovana kombinacijom rotavirusa G3, G8 i P[5]

Reference gene validation for quantitative RT-PCR during biotic and abiotic stresses in Vitis vinifera

Grapevine is one of the most cultivated fruit crop worldwide with Vitis vinifera being the species with the highest economical importance. Being highly susceptible to fungal pathogens and increasingly affected by environmental factors, it has become an important agricultural research area, where gene expression analysis plays a fundamental role. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is currently amongst the most powerful techniques to perform gene expression studies. Nevertheless, accurate gene expression quantification strongly relies on appropriate reference gene selection for sample normalization. Concerning V. vinifera, limited information still exists as for which genes are the most suitable to be used as reference under particular experimental conditions. In this work, seven candidate genes were investigated for their stability in grapevine samples referring to four distinct stresses (Erysiphe necator, wounding and UV-C irradiation in leaves and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora colonization in wood). The expression stability was evaluated using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. In all cases, full agreement was not observed for the three methods. To provide comprehensive rankings integrating the three different programs, for each treatment, a consensus ranking was created using a non-weighted unsupervised rank aggregation method. According to the last, the three most suitable reference genes to be used in grapevine leaves, regardless of the stress, are UBC, VAG and PEP. For the P. chlamydospora treatment, EF1, CYP and UBC were the best scoring genes. Acquaintance of the most suitable reference genes to be used in grapevine samples can contribute for accurate gene expression quantification in forthcoming studiesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-GB">A rapid and efficient protocol for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">in vitro</i><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB"> multiplication of genetically uniform <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Stevia rebaudiana </i>(Bertoni)</span></span>

477-481Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), commonly called candy leaf or sweet leaf, endemic to South America, is an important medicinal plant. As a source of low calorie natural sweetener ‘stevoside’, it is used in obesity, diabetes, treatment of heartburn and tooth decay, and also serves as a food supplement. Large scale commercial propagation of S. rebaudiana demands a suitable protocol. Here, we propose an improved protocol for in vitro multiplication of S. rebaudiana from nodal explants. In this protocol, the effect of laboratory grade urea on multiple shoot induction from nodal explants was studied. The nodal explants were initially cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media for 2 weeks which facilitated the axillary bud break. Further, culturing of these explants on MS medium fortified with 6 benzyl aminopurine (BAP) (2 mg/L) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1 mg/L) with and without urea (5 mg/L) for a period of 40 days revealed maximum shoot production of 44.56 from a single nodal explant in media supplemented with urea as compared to 22.44 without urea. The differences in the number of shoots produced were significant and these shoots readily rooted in MS media with NAA (4 mg/L). Primary and secondary hardening was successful in these plants. There were no visible morphological abnormalities observed in the micropropagated plantlets. Genetic analysis from random samples also revealed that these plants are genetically uniform. The advantage of the present protocol is that the complete process of multiple shoot induction, rooting and hardening could be completed within a period of 6 months as compared to the existing protocols.</span

<i>Heterodera avenae</i> enzymes with predicted cell wall–degrading activities, compared with those in other nematodes.

<p>GH- Glycosidehydrolases,GT-Glycosyl transferases,CE-Carbohydrate esterases, PL - Polysaccharide lyases.</p

Hierarchical layout of significantly enriched biological processes and key regulatory genes in <i>H. avenae</i>.

<p>Hierarchical layout of significantly enriched biological processes and key regulatory genes in <i>H. avenae</i>.</p

Assembly statistics of <i>H. avenae</i> transcriptome generated by Velvet and Oases.

<p>Assembly statistics of <i>H. avenae</i> transcriptome generated by Velvet and Oases.</p

Comparative analysis of putative RNAi pathway genes in <i>H. avenae</i>, <i>C. elegans</i> and <i>M. incognita</i>.

<p>Comparative analysis of putative RNAi pathway genes in <i>H. avenae</i>, <i>C. elegans</i> and <i>M. incognita</i>.</p

Statistically significant regulated Gene Ontology categories and pathways in <i>H. avenae</i>.

<p>*Based on transcript quantitiation and RPKM method.</p