Determinants of Unlawful File Sharing: A Scoping Review

We employ a scoping review methodology to consider and assess the existing evidence on the determinants of unlawful file sharing (UFS) transparently and systematically. Based on the evidence, we build a simple conceptual framework to model the psychological decision to engage in UFS, purchase legally or do nothing. We identify social, moral, experiential, technical, legal and financial utility sources of the decision to purchase or to file share. They interact in complex ways. We consider the strength of evidence within these areas and note patterns of results. There is good evidence for influences on UFS within each of the identified determinants, particularly for self-reported measures, with more behavioral research needed. There are also indications that the reasons for UFS differ across media; more studies exploring media other than music are required

Product-level evidence of the determinants and impacts of public agricultural research: Panel analysis of plant patent data in Japan

The public sector is an important source of agricultural research as many of the agricultural producers are individual farmers who cannot bear the cost of research and development. Public institutes for experimentation and research called Kosetsushi help producers in agriculture and manufacturing improve productivity through technology transfer activities, thereby constituting an important component of regional innovation systems in Japan. This study establishes panel data of agricultural research input and output (new variety of a plant) by Kosetsushi and examines whether their research activities are responsive to local needs and which type of research effort is conducive to the promotion of agricultural product innovation measured as registration of new varieties. Estimation results reveal significant variations across plants in the impacts of agricultural clusters on research on that plant. The impact of research on plant breeding on product innovation also varies across plants. Policy implications of the major findings are discussed

Product-level evidence of the determinants and impacts of public agricultural research: Panel analysis of plant patent data in Japan

The public sector is an important source of agricultural research as many of the agricultural producers are individual farmers who cannot bear the cost of research and development. Public institutes for experimentation and research called Kosetsushi help producers in agriculture and manufacturing improve productivity through technology transfer activities, thereby constituting an important component of regional innovation systems in Japan. This study establishes panel data of agricultural research input and output (new variety of a plant) by Kosetsushi and examines whether their research activities are responsive to local needs and which type of research effort is conducive to the promotion of agricultural product innovation measured as registration of new varieties. Estimation results reveal significant variations across plants in the impacts of agricultural clusters on research on that plant. The impact of research on plant breeding on product innovation also varies across plants. Policy implications of the major findings are discussed