Frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs in Paraguay

The objective of this study was to (1) estimate frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs and (2) investigate farmers' perception and practices towards pig farming in Central Department, Paraguay. Twelve out of 19 districts in the department were selected and 33 farms with growers in the selected districts were recruited. Questionnaire interviews for each study farm, in combination with faecal sample collections (n = 30 per farm), which were microbiologic ally examined and visual inspection of pig production facilities were performed between March and November 2009. A questionnaire was designed to obtain basic information of a farm such as the number of pigs owned and some selected farming management practices. Faecal samples were used for Salmonella isolation, using buffered peptone water to have salmonellae pre-enriched, followed by xylose lysine tergitol 4 agar and brilliant green sulfapyridine agar. Suspect colonies were bio chemically tested by triple sugar iron agar in combination with lysine iron agar to confirm the identity. The true frequency probability and associated 95% Bayesian credible intervals (95% BCI) were computed via the Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. Overall, 18% (95% BCI: 8-31%) of the tested 1000 faecal samples were classified as positive for Salmonella enterica. All the study farms had at least one positive sample for Salmonella enterica (frequency range: 3-60%). Apparent prevalence at farm-level was therefore 100% (one-sided 97.5% confidence limit: 89%). Twenty-eight different serovars for Salmonella enterica were found. Based on increase the number of study districts, farms as well as animals in combination with improvement of sampling methods, possible spatial differences and risk factors/indicators should be clarified by further investigations.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs in Paraguay

The objective of this study was to (1) estimate frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs and (2) investigate farmers' perception and practices towards pig farming in Central Department, Paraguay. Twelve out of 19 districts in the department were selected and 33 farms with growers in the selected districts were recruited. Questionnaire interviews for each study farm, in combination with faecal sample collections (n = 30 per farm), which were microbiologic ally examined and visual inspection of pig production facilities were performed between March and November 2009. A questionnaire was designed to obtain basic information of a farm such as the number of pigs owned and some selected farming management practices. Faecal samples were used for Salmonella isolation, using buffered peptone water to have salmonellae pre-enriched, followed by xylose lysine tergitol 4 agar and brilliant green sulfapyridine agar. Suspect colonies were bio chemically tested by triple sugar iron agar in combination with lysine iron agar to confirm the identity. The true frequency probability and associated 95% Bayesian credible intervals (95% BCI) were computed via the Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. Overall, 18% (95% BCI: 8-31%) of the tested 1000 faecal samples were classified as positive for Salmonella enterica. All the study farms had at least one positive sample for Salmonella enterica (frequency range: 3-60%). Apparent prevalence at farm-level was therefore 100% (one-sided 97.5% confidence limit: 89%). Twenty-eight different serovars for Salmonella enterica were found. Based on increase the number of study districts, farms as well as animals in combination with improvement of sampling methods, possible spatial differences and risk factors/indicators should be clarified by further investigations.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Preleminary study on isolation and characterization of Salmonella enterica in pigs from República del Paraguay

La salmonelosis es una de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) más importantes de América del Sur, que puede ser transmitida por una gran variedad de alimentos. En Paraguay, se observa un aumento en la producción de cerdos para consumo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de Salmonella enterica y sus diferentes serotipos presentes en cerdos en crecimiento de doce distritos de la República del Paraguay. Se recolectaron 1000 muestras de materia fecal en 33 granjas de cerdos en crecimiento. Las muestras fueron pre-enriquecidas en agua peptonada a 37 °C durante 24 h, enriquecidas en caldo tetrationato a 42 °C por 24 h y finalmente fueron sembradas en medios de cultivo selectivos y diferenciales. Las colonias sospechosas fueron caracterizadas por pruebas bioquímicas y serotipificación. Se obtuvieron 189 (18,9 %) muestras positivas, de las cuales se aislaron 189 cepas de S. enterica. Se identificaron 28 serotipos, entre los que predominaron S. Typhimurium (16 %), S. Schwarzengrund (13 %), S. Derby (11 %), S. Anatum (7 %), S. Cerro (7 %), S. Stanley (5 %), S. Saintpaul (4 %) y S. Rissen (4 %). De los 12 distritos estudiados, Tablada y Capiata presentaron los porcentajes de aislamiento más altos (26 %). Los datos obtenidos en este trabajo son los primeros en Paraguay. Consideramos necesario implementar medidas de intervención para disminuir la portación de S. enterica en el reservorio porcino y proteger la salud de los consumidores de cerdo.Salmonelosis is a foodborne disease (FBD) more important in South America, which can be transmitted by a variety of foods. In Paraguay, there was an increase in pork production to consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Salmo- nella enterica and its different serotypes present in growing pigs of twelve districts of the República del Paraguay. One thousand samples of stool were collected in 33 farms growing pigs. The samples were pre-enriched in peptone water at 37 °C for 24 h, enriched in tetrathion- ate broth at 42 °C for 24 h and then were sown on selective and differentials culture media. Suspicious colonies were characterized by biochemical tests and serotyping. We obtained 189 (18.9 %) positive samples, of which 189 isolated strains of S. enterica. We identified 28 serotypes, including S. Typhimurium (16 %), S. Schwarzengrund (13 %), S. Derby (11%), S. Anatum (7 %), S. Cerro (7%), S. Stanley (5 %), S. Saintpaul (4 %) and S. Rissen (4 %). Of the 12 districts studied, Tablada and Capiata isolation rates showed higher (26 %). The data obtained in this work are the first in Paraguay. We consider intervention measures should be implemented to reduce the bearing of S. enterica in pig reservoir and protect the health of consumers of pork.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs in Paraguay

The objective of this study was to (1) estimate frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs and (2) investigate farmers' perception and practices towards pig farming in Central Department, Paraguay. Twelve out of 19 districts in the department were selected and 33 farms with growers in the selected districts were recruited. Questionnaire interviews for each study farm, in combination with faecal sample collections (n = 30 per farm), which were microbiologic ally examined and visual inspection of pig production facilities were performed between March and November 2009. A questionnaire was designed to obtain basic information of a farm such as the number of pigs owned and some selected farming management practices. Faecal samples were used for Salmonella isolation, using buffered peptone water to have salmonellae pre-enriched, followed by xylose lysine tergitol 4 agar and brilliant green sulfapyridine agar. Suspect colonies were bio chemically tested by triple sugar iron agar in combination with lysine iron agar to confirm the identity. The true frequency probability and associated 95% Bayesian credible intervals (95% BCI) were computed via the Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. Overall, 18% (95% BCI: 8-31%) of the tested 1000 faecal samples were classified as positive for Salmonella enterica. All the study farms had at least one positive sample for Salmonella enterica (frequency range: 3-60%). Apparent prevalence at farm-level was therefore 100% (one-sided 97.5% confidence limit: 89%). Twenty-eight different serovars for Salmonella enterica were found. Based on increase the number of study districts, farms as well as animals in combination with improvement of sampling methods, possible spatial differences and risk factors/indicators should be clarified by further investigations.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Preleminary study on isolation and characterization of Salmonella enterica in pigs from República del Paraguay

La salmonelosis es una de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) más importantes de América del Sur, que puede ser transmitida por una gran variedad de alimentos. En Paraguay, se observa un aumento en la producción de cerdos para consumo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de Salmonella enterica y sus diferentes serotipos presentes en cerdos en crecimiento de doce distritos de la República del Paraguay. Se recolectaron 1000 muestras de materia fecal en 33 granjas de cerdos en crecimiento. Las muestras fueron pre-enriquecidas en agua peptonada a 37 °C durante 24 h, enriquecidas en caldo tetrationato a 42 °C por 24 h y finalmente fueron sembradas en medios de cultivo selectivos y diferenciales. Las colonias sospechosas fueron caracterizadas por pruebas bioquímicas y serotipificación. Se obtuvieron 189 (18,9 %) muestras positivas, de las cuales se aislaron 189 cepas de S. enterica. Se identificaron 28 serotipos, entre los que predominaron S. Typhimurium (16 %), S. Schwarzengrund (13 %), S. Derby (11 %), S. Anatum (7 %), S. Cerro (7 %), S. Stanley (5 %), S. Saintpaul (4 %) y S. Rissen (4 %). De los 12 distritos estudiados, Tablada y Capiata presentaron los porcentajes de aislamiento más altos (26 %). Los datos obtenidos en este trabajo son los primeros en Paraguay. Consideramos necesario implementar medidas de intervención para disminuir la portación de S. enterica en el reservorio porcino y proteger la salud de los consumidores de cerdo.Salmonelosis is a foodborne disease (FBD) more important in South America, which can be transmitted by a variety of foods. In Paraguay, there was an increase in pork production to consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Salmo- nella enterica and its different serotypes present in growing pigs of twelve districts of the República del Paraguay. One thousand samples of stool were collected in 33 farms growing pigs. The samples were pre-enriched in peptone water at 37 °C for 24 h, enriched in tetrathion- ate broth at 42 °C for 24 h and then were sown on selective and differentials culture media. Suspicious colonies were characterized by biochemical tests and serotyping. We obtained 189 (18.9 %) positive samples, of which 189 isolated strains of S. enterica. We identified 28 serotypes, including S. Typhimurium (16 %), S. Schwarzengrund (13 %), S. Derby (11%), S. Anatum (7 %), S. Cerro (7%), S. Stanley (5 %), S. Saintpaul (4 %) and S. Rissen (4 %). Of the 12 districts studied, Tablada and Capiata isolation rates showed higher (26 %). The data obtained in this work are the first in Paraguay. We consider intervention measures should be implemented to reduce the bearing of S. enterica in pig reservoir and protect the health of consumers of pork.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Frequency of Salmonella enterica in backyard chicken from San Lorenzo City, Departamento Central, República del Paraguay

La salmonelosis es la enfermedad transmitida por alimentos de origen bacteriano más importante a nivel mundial y su agente etiológico es Salmonella enterica. En Paraguay, es habitual la cría de aves de traspatio para consumo de huevos y carne. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de S. enterica en aves de traspatio de la Localidad de San Lorenzo, Departamento Central, República del Paraguay. Se recolectaron 400 muestras cloacales de aves de traspatio. La detección de S. enterica se realizó por PCR. Para el aislamiento se utilizó la metodología de separación inmunomagnética y la siembra en agar XLT4. Las colonias sospechosas fueron caracterizadas por pruebas bioquímicas y serotipificación. Se determinó la susceptibilidad a 11 antimicrobianos. Se detectaron 25 (6,25%) muestras positivas por PCR y se aislaron 11 (2,75%) cepas de S. enterica: 8 S. Enteritidis, 2 S. Schwarzengrund y 1 S. Saintpaul. Todos los aislamientos fueron sensibles a 9 antimicrobianos probados. Sin embargo, todas las cepas de S. Enteritidis presentaron resistencia a ácido nalidíxico y nitrofurantoína. Salmonella Enteritidis se encuentra entre las serovariedades más comunes que causan salmonelosis en el ser humano y es el serotipo más prevalente en casos de ETA en Paraguay. Consideramos necesario implementar medidas de intervención relacionadas con la educación de los propietarios de aves de traspatio. Este es el primer trabajo en el que se detectó, aisló y caracterizó S. enterica en aves de traspatio de la República del Paraguay.Salmonelosis is a disease transmitted by food of more important bacterial origin worldwide. The ethiological agent is Salmonella enterica. In Paraguay, backyard chicken raising is common for home eggs and meat production and consumption. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency of S. enterica in backyard chicken at San Lorenzo, a city located in the Central Department of Paraguay. Four hundred cloacae samples of backyard chicken were collected. S. enterica was detected through PCR technique. The inmunomagnetic separation methodology and streaked in agar XLT4 were used for Salmonella isolation. Suspicious colonies were characterized by biochemical tests and serotypification. Susceptibility to 11 antimicrobial agent was determined. Twenty five positive samples (6.25%) were detected by PCR and 11 strain (2.75 %) of S. enterica were isolated: 8 S. Enteritidis, 2 S. Schwarzengrund and 1 S. Saintpaul. All the isolates were sensitive to 9 antimicrobial tested. However, all S. Enteritidis showed resistance to nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin. Salmonella Enteritidis is between the most common serovar that may cause salmonelosis in the human being. It is also the most prevailing serotype in ETA cases in Paraguay. It is necessary to implement measures related to the education of backyard chicken owners and raisers. This is the first work that detected, isolated and characterized S. enterica in backyard chickens in ParaguayFacultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Frequency of Salmonella enterica in backyard chicken from San Lorenzo City, Departamento Central, República del Paraguay

La salmonelosis es la enfermedad transmitida por alimentos de origen bacteriano más importante a nivel mundial y su agente etiológico es Salmonella enterica. En Paraguay, es habitual la cría de aves de traspatio para consumo de huevos y carne. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de S. enterica en aves de traspatio de la Localidad de San Lorenzo, Departamento Central, República del Paraguay. Se recolectaron 400 muestras cloacales de aves de traspatio. La detección de S. enterica se realizó por PCR. Para el aislamiento se utilizó la metodología de separación inmunomagnética y la siembra en agar XLT4. Las colonias sospechosas fueron caracterizadas por pruebas bioquímicas y serotipificación. Se determinó la susceptibilidad a 11 antimicrobianos. Se detectaron 25 (6,25%) muestras positivas por PCR y se aislaron 11 (2,75%) cepas de S. enterica: 8 S. Enteritidis, 2 S. Schwarzengrund y 1 S. Saintpaul. Todos los aislamientos fueron sensibles a 9 antimicrobianos probados. Sin embargo, todas las cepas de S. Enteritidis presentaron resistencia a ácido nalidíxico y nitrofurantoína. Salmonella Enteritidis se encuentra entre las serovariedades más comunes que causan salmonelosis en el ser humano y es el serotipo más prevalente en casos de ETA en Paraguay. Consideramos necesario implementar medidas de intervención relacionadas con la educación de los propietarios de aves de traspatio. Este es el primer trabajo en el que se detectó, aisló y caracterizó S. enterica en aves de traspatio de la República del Paraguay.Salmonelosis is a disease transmitted by food of more important bacterial origin worldwide. The ethiological agent is Salmonella enterica. In Paraguay, backyard chicken raising is common for home eggs and meat production and consumption. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency of S. enterica in backyard chicken at San Lorenzo, a city located in the Central Department of Paraguay. Four hundred cloacae samples of backyard chicken were collected. S. enterica was detected through PCR technique. The inmunomagnetic separation methodology and streaked in agar XLT4 were used for Salmonella isolation. Suspicious colonies were characterized by biochemical tests and serotypification. Susceptibility to 11 antimicrobial agent was determined. Twenty five positive samples (6.25%) were detected by PCR and 11 strain (2.75 %) of S. enterica were isolated: 8 S. Enteritidis, 2 S. Schwarzengrund and 1 S. Saintpaul. All the isolates were sensitive to 9 antimicrobial tested. However, all S. Enteritidis showed resistance to nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin. Salmonella Enteritidis is between the most common serovar that may cause salmonelosis in the human being. It is also the most prevailing serotype in ETA cases in Paraguay. It is necessary to implement measures related to the education of backyard chicken owners and raisers. This is the first work that detected, isolated and characterized S. enterica in backyard chickens in ParaguayFacultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Frequency of Salmonella enterica in backyard chicken from San Lorenzo City, Departamento Central, República del Paraguay

La salmonelosis es la enfermedad transmitida por alimentos de origen bacteriano más importante a nivel mundial y su agente etiológico es Salmonella enterica. En Paraguay, es habitual la cría de aves de traspatio para consumo de huevos y carne. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de S. enterica en aves de traspatio de la Localidad de San Lorenzo, Departamento Central, República del Paraguay. Se recolectaron 400 muestras cloacales de aves de traspatio. La detección de S. enterica se realizó por PCR. Para el aislamiento se utilizó la metodología de separación inmunomagnética y la siembra en agar XLT4. Las colonias sospechosas fueron caracterizadas por pruebas bioquímicas y serotipificación. Se determinó la susceptibilidad a 11 antimicrobianos. Se detectaron 25 (6,25%) muestras positivas por PCR y se aislaron 11 (2,75%) cepas de S. enterica: 8 S. Enteritidis, 2 S. Schwarzengrund y 1 S. Saintpaul. Todos los aislamientos fueron sensibles a 9 antimicrobianos probados. Sin embargo, todas las cepas de S. Enteritidis presentaron resistencia a ácido nalidíxico y nitrofurantoína. Salmonella Enteritidis se encuentra entre las serovariedades más comunes que causan salmonelosis en el ser humano y es el serotipo más prevalente en casos de ETA en Paraguay. Consideramos necesario implementar medidas de intervención relacionadas con la educación de los propietarios de aves de traspatio. Este es el primer trabajo en el que se detectó, aisló y caracterizó S. enterica en aves de traspatio de la República del Paraguay.Salmonelosis is a disease transmitted by food of more important bacterial origin worldwide. The ethiological agent is Salmonella enterica. In Paraguay, backyard chicken raising is common for home eggs and meat production and consumption. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency of S. enterica in backyard chicken at San Lorenzo, a city located in the Central Department of Paraguay. Four hundred cloacae samples of backyard chicken were collected. S. enterica was detected through PCR technique. The inmunomagnetic separation methodology and streaked in agar XLT4 were used for Salmonella isolation. Suspicious colonies were characterized by biochemical tests and serotypification. Susceptibility to 11 antimicrobial agent was determined. Twenty five positive samples (6.25%) were detected by PCR and 11 strain (2.75 %) of S. enterica were isolated: 8 S. Enteritidis, 2 S. Schwarzengrund and 1 S. Saintpaul. All the isolates were sensitive to 9 antimicrobial tested. However, all S. Enteritidis showed resistance to nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin. Salmonella Enteritidis is between the most common serovar that may cause salmonelosis in the human being. It is also the most prevailing serotype in ETA cases in Paraguay. It is necessary to implement measures related to the education of backyard chicken owners and raisers. This is the first work that detected, isolated and characterized S. enterica in backyard chickens in ParaguayFacultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

PAUSED for thought? Using verbal protocol analysis to understand the situational and temporal cues in the decision-making of residential burglars

Using verbal protocol analysis (VPA) alongside semi-structured interviews, this research aimed to explicate the situational dynamics that inform the decision-making and target selection of residential burglars. Focusing on the VPA method, novel to criminological research, the paper considers the contribution of this empirical approach for studying the decision-making of offenders in situ. The findings reveal a series of cues, encapsulated in the ‘PAUSED’ model, that are drawn upon by residential burglars to assess the suitability of a target; determining whether it is profitable, accessible, uninterruptible, surveillable, escapable and/or dishonourable. The PAUSED model is unpacked to articulate a collection of visual stimuli that serve to disrupt and suspend the otherwise rapid flow of target appraisal. Discussion of the strengths and limitations of the VPA method, and how it can compliment other approaches to understanding the decision-making of residential burglars, is provided