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ΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ ΠΠΠ€ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ―Π’ΠΠ‘Π’Π ΠΠ’ Π£Π ΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ₯ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠ― Π ΠΠ‘Π‘ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ: Π£Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
Π Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄, ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π£ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π Π€, ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°. ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ ΠΠΠ€ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ―Π’ΠΠ‘Π’Π ΠΠ’ Π£Π ΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ₯ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠ― Π ΠΠ‘Π‘ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ: Π£Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
Π Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄, ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π£ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π Π€, ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°. ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ±Π»Ρ Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ: Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ
The rapid nature of the modernization of monetary turnover, accompanied by geopolitical risks against the background of post-pandemic economic recovery and the regionalization process, no longer just arouses the discursive interest of society, but becomes an indispensable condition of the new reality. The process of money turnover transformation by introducing digital currencies into circulation in the wave of digitalization among world powers lagging behind the evolving environment of the cryptocurrency industry is developing into a process of formalization of metaverses and penetrates deeper into the socio-economic reality. The problem of the Russian practice of developing the payment environment consists in its catching-up character, caused by the spontaneous formation of the digital society, resulting in the expansion of the scope of alternative finance outside the legal field. The purpose of the paper is to determine the inherent attributes of the digital trusted environment necessary to ensure digital ruble turnover, based on an empirical study of societyβs perceptions about the prospects for using the digital form of the national monetary unit by representatives of various generations. We used systematization, grouping, comparative and content analysis, surveys, and the quota method to achieve the paperβs purpose. The survey involved 35,327 residents from different regions. As a result, the authors revealed the low level of readiness of society for the introduction of the digital ruble as a substitute for cash and cryptocurrency. The paper focuses on the need for an integrated approach to the disclosure of the digital rubleβs value and benefits, which contributes to its successful launch and promotion in the market. The results of the research highlight the importance of correspondence in the digital ruble category βdigital currenciesβ, and also the impossibility of making incorrect decisions in the transformation of money turnover, which leads to the growth of risks of digital inequality, the clash of interests of certain groups of the population in the prevailing behavioral patterns in the form of a cautious attitude to digital finance with insufficient financial literacy.Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π², ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ- ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ² Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ±Π»Ρ, ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½- ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡ. Π ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ 35 327 ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ±Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ±Π»Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ±Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Β«ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°Π»ΡΡΡΒ» ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Digital finance ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Dislocation structure and deformation hardening alloy fcc single crystals at the mesolevel
The article presents the evaluation results of impacts of various strengthening mechanisms to flow stress. Such evaluations were made on the basis of the measured parameters of the dislocation substructure formed in monocrystals of [001]-Ni3Fe alloy deformed by compression within the stage II. It was found that the main impact to deformation resistance in the alloys with net substructure is made by the mechanism of dislocation impediment, which is caused by contact interaction between moving dislocations and forest dislocations
Dislocation structure and deformation hardening alloy fcc single crystals at the mesolevel
The article presents the evaluation results of impacts of various strengthening mechanisms to flow stress. Such evaluations were made on the basis of the measured parameters of the dislocation substructure formed in monocrystals of [001]-Ni3Fe alloy deformed by compression within the stage II. It was found that the main impact to deformation resistance in the alloys with net substructure is made by the mechanism of dislocation impediment, which is caused by contact interaction between moving dislocations and forest dislocations
A new design for a green calcium indicator with a smaller size and a reduced number of calcium-binding sites
Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are mainly represented by two- or one-fluorophore-based sensors. One type of two-fluorophore-based sensor, carrying Opsanus troponin C (TnC) as the Ca2+-binding moiety, has two binding sites for calcium ions, providing a linear response to calcium ions. One-fluorophore-based sensors have four Ca2+-binding sites but are better suited for in vivo experiments. Herein, we describe a novel design for a one-fluorophore-based GECI with two Ca2+-binding sites. The engineered sensor, called NTnC, uses TnC as the Ca2+-binding moiety, inserted in the mNeonGreen fluorescent protein. Monomeric NTnC has higher brightness and pH-stability in vitro compared with the standard GECI GCaMP6s. In addition, NTnC shows an inverted fluorescence response to Ca2+. Using NTnC, we have visualized Ca2+ dynamics during spontaneous activity of neuronal cultures as confirmed by control NTnC and its mutant, in which the affinity to Ca2+ is eliminated. Using whole-cell patch clamp, we have demonstrated that NTnC dynamics in neurons are similar to those of GCaMP6s and allow robust detection of single action potentials. Finally, we have used NTnC to visualize Ca2+ neuronal activity in vivo in the V1 cortical area in awake and freely moving mice using two-photon microscopy or an nVista miniaturized microscope
Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment (PIONEER 5): a placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3a trial
Background: Oral semaglutide is the first oral glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist for glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is commonly associated with renal impairment, restricting treatment options. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment. Methods: This randomised, double-blind, phase 3a trial was undertaken at 88 sites in eight countries. Patients aged 18 years and older, with type 2 diabetes, an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30β59 mL/min per 1Β·73 m2, and who had been receiving a stable dose of metformin or sulfonylurea, or both, or basal insulin with or without metformin for the past 90 days were eligible. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) by use of an interactive web-response system, with stratification by glucose-lowering medication and renal function, to receive oral semaglutide (dose escalated to 14 mg once daily) or matching placebo for 26 weeks, in addition to background medication. Participants and site staff were masked to assignment. Two efficacy-related estimands were defined: treatment policy (regardless of treatment discontinuation or rescue medication) and trial product (on treatment without rescue medication) in all participants randomly assigned. Endpoints were change from baseline to week 26 in HbA1c (primary endpoint) and bodyweight (confirmatory secondary endpoint), assessed in all participants with sufficient data. Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of study drug. This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02827708, and the European Clinical Trials Registry, number EudraCT 2015-005326-19, and is now complete. Findings: Between Sept 20, 2016, and Sept 29, 2017, of 721 patients screened, 324 were eligible and randomly assigned to oral semaglutide (n=163) or placebo (n=161). Mean age at baseline was 70 years (SD 8), and 168 (52%) of participants were female. 133 (82%) participants in the oral semaglutide group and 141 (88%) in the placebo group completed 26 weeks on treatment. At 26 weeks, oral semaglutide was superior to placebo in decreasing HbA1c (estimated mean change of β1Β·0 percentage point (SE 0Β·1; β11 mmol/mol [SE 0Β·8]) vs β0Β·2 percentage points (SE 0Β·1; β2 mmol/mol [SE 0Β·8]); estimated treatment difference [ETD]: β0Β·8 percentage points, 95% CI β1Β·0 to β0Β·6;
Dependence of Informal Employment on Population Income in Russian Regions: Lessons from the Pandemic
Π Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄, ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ε±±Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π£ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π Π€, ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»Ρε±±ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°. ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ.The coronavirus spread transformed the economy and social order, and dealt a crushing blow to the labour market. Considering the worsening unemployment, it becomes important to reduce informal employment, which leads to an increase in the shadow economy. It is hypothesised that the decline in official income is accompanied by an increase in informal employment differentiated across Russian region. The study aims to theoretically justify and empirically confirm the relationship between the consequences of the pandemic, decline in population income and dynamics of informal employment in regions, as well as to develop ways to reduce their negative impact on the labour market. The study utilised an approach of the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) to determining employment criteria; additionally, expert and analytical methods, analysis of statistical series, clustering and cartography were applied. The regions were clustered according to Wardβs hierarchical method based on weighted standardised data.To this end, official data from Rosstat, the United Nations, and the World Bank were examined. As a result, the analysis of informal employment in Russian regions during the pandemic did not confirm the hypothesis, showing that informal employment actually decreased in most constituent entities; the largest decrease was observed in the North Caucasus republics. The performed clustering revealed groups of Russian regions in terms of the dependence of informal employment on average per capita income and gross regional product per capita. The obtained findings can be used to develop standard solutions for establishing long- and short-term support measures for employees at the national, regional and micro-level aimed at reducing the negative impact of the identified reasons for the growth of informal employment.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π Π€Π€Π Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° β 20-010-00243 ΠΈ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎ-ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the project No. 20-010-00243, and North-Caucasus Federal University
About quality of othorynolaringological aid for elders
The own scientific criteria of quality of gerontological othorynolaringological aid are presented in this article
North Caucasian Federal District: Conditions and Strategic Reference Points of Development
The authors have carried out the analysis of the North Caucasian Federal District economy in a number of the directions: a general economic situation in the region, investment activity and investment appeal, the diagnostics of the budget stability and budget independence has been performed. They draw the conclusion that the economy of the district has a pronounced non-productive nature, its developed structure and disproportions interfere with forming the stable results and growth of the citizensβ welfare. There are no institutional conditions for the development, a lot of problems with uncoordinated migration flows and logistic disproportions in the region. In order to solve the mentioned problems the concept and the districtβs development strategic reference points are offered in the article. One of them is the organization and enhancement of regional clusters. Besides, the forward monotowns dynamics, forming the cross-industry balance, increase in the capacity of the macroregion as a transport (transit) corridor and solving the problems of logistic disproportions through updating and creating the mainstream infrastructure, as well as implementation of a funding mechanism for infrastructure projects are important