Endurance exercise and gut microbiota: A review

AbstractBackgroundThe physiological and biochemical demands of intense exercise elicit both muscle-based and systemic responses. The main adaptations to endurance exercise include the correction of electrolyte imbalance, a decrease in glycogen storage and the increase of oxidative stress, intestinal permeability, muscle damage, and systemic inflammatory response. Adaptations to exercise might be influenced by the gut microbiota, which plays an important role in the production, storage, and expenditure of energy obtained from the diet as well as in inflammation, redox reactions, and hydration status.MethodsA systematic and comprehensive search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, Science Direct, Springer Link, and EMBASE was done. The search process was completed using the keywords: “endurance”; “exercise”; “immune response”; “microbiota”; “nutrition”; and “probiotics”.ResultsReviewed literature supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota might be able to provide a measureable, effective marker of an athlete's immune function and that microbial composition analysis might also be sensitive enough to detect exercise-induced stress and metabolic disorders. The review also supports the hypothesis that modifying the microbiota through the use of probiotics could be an important therapeutic tool to improve athletes' overall general health, performance, and energy availability while controlling inflammation and redox levels.ConclusionThe present review provides a comprehensive overview of how gut microbiota may have a key role in controlling the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses as well as improving metabolism and energy expenditure during intense exercise

The gut mucin-microbiota interactions: a missing key to optimizing endurance performance

Endurance athletes offer unique physiology and metabolism compared to sedentary individuals. Athletes training at high intensities for prolonged periods are at risk for gastrointestinal disturbances. An important factor in endurance performance is the integrity and function of the gut barrier, which primarily depends on heavily O-glycosylated mucins. Emerging evidence shows a complex bidirectional dialogue between glycans on mucins and gut microorganisms. This review emphasizes the importance of the crosstalk between the gut microbiome and host mucus mucins and some of the mechanisms underlying this symbiosis. The contribution of mucin glycans to the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome is discussed, as well as the persuasive impact of the gut microbiome on mucin composition, thickness, and immune and metabolic functions. Lastly, we propose natural and synthetic glycans supplements to improve intestinal mucus production and barrier function, offering new opportunities to enhance endurance athletes’ performance and gut health

Efecto de los probióticos en el control de la obesidad en humanos: hipótesis no demostradas

The objective of the present study is to review the different publications associated with probiotics and obesity, as well as to get some new insights regarding the role of the microbiome in diseases such as obesity. An extensive search for scientific publications (studies in animal models, cells, clinical trials and reviews) was performed in the following specialist computer databases (PubMed central (PMC)-NCBI, Elsevier Journal, Scielo Spain, Scirus, Science Direct) to establish the current status of the potential effect of probiotics in the control of obesity in humans, as well as the relationship between intestinal microbiota and obesity. The intestinal microbiota and oral probiotics have a positive effect on human health, as they can regulate the immune functions and protect from infections and chronic inflammatory processes. Although divergent results have recently been reported, it has been shown but not confirmed that intestinal microbiota might play a role as a new factor associated with the regulation of body weight and obesity-related diseases. The international MetaHIT project has shown that human microbiome populations can be grouped into three different enterotypes. Two of these enterotypes (Bacteroides and Ruminococcus) seem to encode functions related to obesity. Although the relationship between intestinal microbiota and obesity are not yet well established, the attempt to manipulate intestinal microbiota through diet is suggested as a new plausible approach to prevent, or modify the risk of, obesity and its related diseases.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo esclarecer las diferentes publicaciones que asocian los probióticos con la obesidad, y profundizar en el papel del microbioma humano en enfermedades como la obesidad. Se realizó una búsqueda de publicaciones científicas (estudios en modelos animales, celulares, ensayos clínicos y revisiones) en las bases de datos electrónicas especializadas PubMed central‑NCBI, Elsevier Journal, Scielo España, Scirus y Science Direct para establecer el estado actual del potencial efecto de los probióticos en el control de la obesidad de las personas, así como la relación entre microbioma y obesidad. La microbiota intestinal y los probióticos producen un efecto positivo para la salud regulando las funciones inmunológicas del individuo y protegiéndolo de infecciones y procesos de inflamación crónica. Sin embargo, actualmente hay estudios con resultados dispares, que señalan a la microbiota intestinal como un factor que podría estar implicado en la regulación del peso corporal y las enfermedades asociadas a la obesidad. El Proyecto MetaHIT ha encontrado tres géneros de población genética en el microbioma intestinal humano, y dos de ellos (Bacteroides y Ruminococcus) podrían estar relacionados con la regulación del peso corporal de su hospedador. A pesar de que las relaciones causa-efecto entre la microbiota intestinal y la obesidad no están todavía bien establecidas, la manipulación intencionada de la microbiota intestinal a través de la dieta se propone como una posible nueva herramienta para prevenir o modificar el riesgo de obesidad y, en particular, las enfermedades metabólicas asociadas a esta

Papel de los antioxidantes en la prevención del cáncer

The nature of the association between free radicals and cancer is complex and paradoxical, as it seems that free radicals and oxidative stress can induce cancer, but at the same time the transformed cells, that is, the cancer cells generate more free radicals than normal cells. Endogenous antioxidant compounds, including glutathione and lysozyme, can limit the effects of oxidative stress, but these systems can be quickly saturated by high amounts of free radicals. It is important to increase the cellular levels of antioxidants that could provide protection against possible adverse agents that can cause a cell cancer. A good diet and the knowledge of several compounds of foods with antioxidant effects may be helpful to prevent cancer disease.La naturaleza de la asociación entre radicales libres y cáncer es compleja y paradójica. Parece que los radicales libres y el estrés oxidativo pueden inducir cáncer, pero al mismo tiempo las células transformadas, es decir, las células cancerosas, generan más radicales libres que las células normales. Compuestos endógenos antioxidantes, entre ellos el glutatión y la lisozima, pueden limitar los efectos del estrés oxidativo; sin embargo, dichos sistemas pueden ser rápidamente acaparados por elevadas cantidades de radicales libres. De ahí la importancia de incrementar la concentración de antioxidantes de la célula para prevenir posibles agentes adversos que podrían llegar a originar un proceso canceroso. Una buena alimentación, así como conocer y emplear alimentos con propiedades antioxidantes, puede ser de gran ayuda para la prevención del cáncer

Efecto del consumo de soja en relación con los síntomas de la menopausia

The menopause is characterized by a reduction in ovarian function and estrogen production. Altogether, these changes together lead to a series of disorders that may affect the woman’s life style. Currently, medicine, influenced by the pharmaceutical industry, is prone to act aggressively against any symptoms, resulting in. polymedicated population. Doctors usually prescribe treatments such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), to help them manage menopause symptoms. However, recently, several studies have reported adverse effects associated with this treatment. The influence of diet on several chronic diseases in western societies is currently well known. Therefore, dietary therapies, including dietary soy and isoflavone supplements, have been proposed for the reduction of menopause symptoms. Several published studies have suggested isoflavones, which have a great estrogenic power, as an HRT alternative for the relief of menopause symptoms. However, our current understanding on the effects of isoflavone supplements on the menopause symptoms is limited, and scientific publications show heterogenous results. Due to those arguments, the objective of this review is to address some of the mechanisms of isoflavones and their role in the menopausal period, postulating that, as food supplements, they could be used as a complementary therapy for menopause symptoms.La menopausia se caracteriza por el cese de la función ovárica y la disminución hormonal de estrógenos. Estos cambios conllevan una serie de trastornos que pueden afectar a la vida de la mujer. La medicina, debido a la influencia de la industria farmacéutica, tiende a actuar de forma agresiva, y como consecuencia tenemos una población polimedicada. Los médicos suelen recetar tratamientos, como la terapia hormonal sustitutiva (THS), que ayuda a controlar estos síntomas. No obstante, recientemente varios estudios han demostrado efectos adversos asociados a la THS. Actualmente se conoce la influencia de la dieta en muchas de las enfermedades que afectan a la población de los países occidentales. Así, sla soja dietética y algunos suplementos de isoflavonas se han propuesto como alternativas para paliar los síntomas de la menopausia. Varios estudios indican que se puede utilizar las isoflavonas, de gran potencia estrogénica, como alternativa a la THS por su capacidad de reducir los síntomas menopáusicos. No obstante, el conocimiento sobre los efectos de la ingesta de isoflavonas en los síntomas de la menopausia es escaso y las publicaciones científicas recientes muestran resultados dispares. Para esclarecer esta información, el objetivo de esta revisión es describir algunos de los mecanismos mediante los cuales ejercen su acción las isoflavonas, y sus acciones beneficiosas, postulando que, como suplementos alimentarios, se podría utilizarlos como tratamiento complementario para algunos de los síntomas de la menopausia, lo que permitiría disminuir las dosis de THS

Alimentos ricos en ácidos grasos v-3 libres de contaminantes y aptos para vegetarianos, y su importancia en el desarrollo neurológico normal

Essential long chain v-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a-linolenic acid (ALA) and its derivatives, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are involved in the growth and function of nervous tissue as structural components of the neuronal membrane. The maternal intake of v-3 fatty acid during pregnancy and breastfeeding must come from non-animal sources free from dioxins and heavy metals to ensure the normal development of the neural structures of infants. Various lead sources were consulted, including scientific reviews, studies with animal models, cellular assays and clinical trials in the following data bases: PubMed central (PMC)-NBCI, Elsevier Journal, Scielo España, Scirus and Science Direct, in order to assess the potential effect of algae, fungi, marine bacteria and other vegetarian sources of v-3 fatty acids on the neural development of infant.Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados esenciales de cadena larga v-3 como el ácido a-linolénico (ALA) y sus derivados, ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), intervienen en la función y el crecimiento del tejido nervioso como componentes estructurales de las membranas neuronales. En vegetarianos y veganos, la ingesta de v-3 por parte de la madre durante el embarazo y la lactancia debe proceder de recursos no animales, limpios de metales pesados y dioxinas para asegurar el normal desarrollo de las estructuras neuronales en los niños. Se consultaron estudios científicos en modelos animales, celulares, ensayos clínicos y revisiones en las siguientes bases de datos electrónicas especializadas: PubMed central (PMC)-NBCI, Elsevier Journal, Scielo España, Scirus, y Science Direct, para establecer el estado actual del potencial efecto del consumo de alimentos ricos en v-3 como las algas, hongos, bacterias marinas y otras fuentes vegetales, aptas para vegetarianos y veganos, sobre el normal desarrollo neurológico infantil

Mecanismos moleculares implicados en los posibles efectos de los compuestos fenólicos en la disminución del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares

The objective of the present review is to evaluate the possible association between phenolic compounds and cardiovascular disease, proposing that their regular consumption in Western diets could be beneficial for protecting patients against cardiovascular disease. An extensive research of scientific literature was performed in the following electronic specialized databases (PubMed central (PMC)-NBCI, Elsevier Journal, Scielo Spain, Scirus, Science Direct, Web of Science), including studies in animals, cells, and humans, to establish the effect of polyphenols in the prevention and development of cardiovascular disease was conducted. The in vitro, animal and human studies show the potential ability of polyphenols to act against cardiovascular disease as a result of their antioxidant effect and vasodilatation and their capacity to improve lipid profile while reducing the concentration of low-density lipoproteins. Polyphenols consumption in Western diets could be beneficial for protecting patients against cardiovascular disease.El objetivo de la presente revisión es evaluar los mecanismos implicados en la posible asociación entre los polifenoles y la disminución del riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares, postulando que su consumo habitual en la dieta occidental podría resultar beneficioso para la protección de los pacientes frente las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se realizó una extensa búsqueda de publicaciones científicas recientes en las siguientes bases de datos electrónicas especializadas: PubMed central (PMC)-NBCI, Elsevier Journal, Scielo España, Scirus, Science Direct, Web of Science, incluyendo estudios en células, animales y humanos, sobre el efecto de los polifenoles en la prevención y desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Los estudios in vitro, en modelos animales y en humanos, muestran la capacidad potencial de los compuestos fenólicos para actuar frente a enfermedades cardiovasculares debido a su acción antioxidante, vasodilatadora y de mejora de los perfiles lipídicos con atenuación de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad. Su consumo habitual en la dieta occidental podría resultar beneficioso para la protección de los pacientes frente las enfermedades cardiovasculares

Efectos del té verde sobre el riesgo de cáncer de mama

Phytochemicals like catechins from green tea might modify the epigenome and transcirptome of tumoral cells. The objective of the present review is to retrospectively evaluate literature examining the mechanisms throughout the green tea could exert a protective effect on breast cancer risk. In this work, more than 100 articles published during the last 15 years that relate tea consumption and breast cancer prevalence and development have been analysed. Green tea polyphenols can reduce risk of breast cancer throughout the inhibition of estrogenic and chemotoxic activity in liver, stimulation of metabolic pathway of glutathione conjugation, improvement of the metabolic syndrome, as well as control of immune system regulation, oxidative stress and DNA methylation. Although in vitro and animal studies show the potential ability of green tea polyphenols to act against breast cancer, the lack of experiments in humans, are the major factors in limiting us to conduct dietary recommendations based on scientific evidence for the management of patients with breast cancer.Los componentes fitoquímicos como las catequinas del té verde pueden modificar el epigenoma y transcriptoma de las células tumorales. El objetivo del presente estudio es hacer un análisis retrospectivo de lo que se ha publicado hasta la actualidad sobre los mecanismos mediante los cuales el consumo de té verde podría tener un efecto protector en el riesgo de cáncer de mama. En este trabajo, se analizan más de 100 artículos publicados en los últimos 15 años que relacionan el consumo de té verde y la prevalencia y desarrollo del cáncer de mama. Los polifenoles del té verde pueden reducir el riesgo de cáncer de mama mediante la inhibición estrogénica y quimiotóxica en hígado, estimulando la ruta metabólica de conjugación con glutatión, mejorando el síndrome metabólico, además de la regulación del sistema inmune y estrés oxidativo y la inhibición de la metilación del ADN. Pese a que los estudios in vitro y en modelos animales muestran la capacidad potencial de los polifenoles del té verde para actuar frente al riesgo de padecer cáncer de mama, la falta de más estudios clínicos en humanos, impide actualmente poder realizar recomendaciones dietéticas con certitud en pacientes con cáncer de mama

Understanding the response to endurance exercise using a systems biology approach: combining blood metabolomics, transcriptomics and miRNomics in horses

BACKGROUND: Endurance exercise in horses requires adaptive processes involving physiological, biochemical, and cognitive-behavioral responses in an attempt to regain homeostasis. We hypothesized that the identification of the relationships between blood metabolome, transcriptome, and miRNome during endurance exercise in horses could provide significant insights into the molecular response to endurance exercise. For this reason, the serum metabolome and whole-blood transcriptome and miRNome data were obtained from ten horses before and after a 160 km endurance competition.[br/] RESULTS: We obtained a global regulatory network based on 11 unique metabolites, 263 metabolic genes and 5 miRNAs whose expression was significantly altered at T1 (post- endurance competition) relative to T0 (baseline, pre-endurance competition). This network provided new insights into the cross talk between the distinct molecular pathways (e.g. energy and oxygen sensing, oxidative stress, and inflammation) that were not detectable when analyzing single metabolites or transcripts alone. Single metabolites and transcripts were carrying out multiple roles and thus sharing several biochemical pathways. Using a regulatory impact factor metric analysis, this regulatory network was further confirmed at the transcription factor and miRNA levels. In an extended cohort of 31 independent animals, multiple factor analysis confirmed the strong associations between lactate, methylene derivatives, miR-21-5p, miR-16-5p, let-7 family and genes that coded proteins involved in metabolic reactions primarily related to energy, ubiquitin proteasome and lipopolysaccharide immune responses after the endurance competition. Multiple factor analysis also identified potential biomarkers at T0 for an increased likelihood for failure to finish an endurance competition.[br/] CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to provide a comprehensive and integrated overview of the metabolome, transcriptome, and miRNome co-regulatory networks that may have a key role in regulating the metabolic and immune response to endurance exercise in horses

Integration of GWAS, pathway and network analyses reveals novel mechanistic insights into the synthesis of milk proteins in dairy cows

The quantities and proportions of protein fractions have notable effects on the nutritional and technological value of milk. Although much is known about the effects of genetic variants on milk proteins, the complex relationships among the set of genes and pathways regulating the different protein fractions synthesis and secretion into milk in dairy cows are still not completely understood. We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for milk nitrogen fractions in a cohort of 1,011 Brown Swiss cows, which uncovered 170 significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), mostly located on BTA6 and BTA11. Gene-set analysis and the network-based Associated Weight Matrix approach revealed that the milk proteins associated genes were involved in several biological functions, particularly ion and cation transmembrane transporter activity and neuronal and hormone signalling, according to the structure and function of casein micelles. Deeper analysis of the transcription factors and their predicted target genes within the network revealed that GFI1B, ZNF407 and NR5A1 might act as master regulators of milk protein synthesis and secretion. The information acquired provides novel insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling milk protein synthesis and secretion in bovine mammary gland and may be useful in breeding programmes aimed at improving milk nutritional and/or technological properties.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio