27 research outputs found
Current EU research activities on combined exposure to multiple chemicals
Humans and wildlife are exposed to an intractably large number of different combinations of chemicals via food, water, air, consumer products, and other media and sources. This raises concerns about their impact on public and environmental health. The risk assessment of chemicals for regulatory purposes mainly relies on the assessment of individual chemicals. If exposure to multiple chemicals is considered in a legislative framework, it is usually limited to chemicals falling within this framework and co-exposure to chemicals that are covered by a different regulatory framework is often neglected. Methodologies and guidance for assessing risks from combined exposure to multiple chemicals have been developed for different regulatory sectors, however, a harmonised, consistent approach for performing mixture risk assessments and management across different regulatory sectors is lacking. At the time of this publication, several EU research projects are running, funded by the current European Research and Innovation Programme Horizon 2020 or the Seventh Framework Programme. They aim at addressing knowledge gaps and developing methodologies to better assess chemical mixtures, by generating and making available internal and external exposure data, developing models for exposure assessment, developing tools for in silico and in vitro effect assessment to be applied in a tiered framework and for grouping of chemicals, as well as developing joint epidemiological-toxicological approaches for mixture risk assessment and for prioritising mixtures of concern. The projects EDC-MixRisk, EuroMix, EUToxRisk, HBM4EU and SOLUTIONS have started an exchange between the consortia, European Commission Services and EU Agencies, in order to identify where new methodologies have become available and where remaining gaps need to be further addressed. This paper maps how the different projects contribute to the data needs and assessment methodologies and identifies remaining challenges to be further addressed for the assessment of chemical mixtures.European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration
Lactococcus lactis Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase A Mutants Reveal Important Facets of the Enzymatic Function
Structure-activity relationship studies of N-methylated and N-hydroxylated spider polyamine toxins as inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors
The dihydroorotate dehydrogenases of <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Lactococcus lactis</em> represent two distinct families of the enzyme
General synthesis of β-alanine-containing spider polyamine toxins and discovery of nephila polyamine toxins 1 and 8 as highly potent inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors
Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of <i>N</i>‑Methylated and <i>N</i>‑Hydroxylated Spider Polyamine Toxins as Inhibitors of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
Polyamine toxins from spiders and
wasps are potent open-channel
blockers of ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptors. It is well-established
that secondary amino groups in the polyamine moiety of these toxins
are key to both selectivity and potency at iGlu receptors, still some
native spider polyamine toxins comprise both <i>N</i>-methyl
and <i>N</i>-hydroxy functionalities. Here, we investigate
the effect of both <i>N</i>-methylation and <i>N</i>-hydroxylation of spider polyamine toxins by the synthesis and biological
evaluation of the naturally occurring <i>N</i>-methylated
argiopinines and pseudoargiopinines I and II, <i>N</i>-hydroxylated
Agel-489 and Agel-505, as well as <i>N</i>-methylated analogues
of the NMDA and AMPA iGlu receptor subtype selective antagonists ArgTX-93
and ArgTX-48. Efficient synthetic strategies for the synthesis of
target compounds were developed, and evaluation of biological activity
at AMPA and NMDA receptors identified highly potent and in some cases
very selective ligands