Why does cultural policy change? Policy discourse and policy subsystem : a case study of the evolution of cultural policy in Catalonia

This is an Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in International journal of cultural policy, Vol. 18, N. 1 (2012), p. 13-30 [copyright Taylor & Francis]Culture has come to play a fundamental strategic role in the territorial development that seeks to integrate knowledge economy with social cohesion, governance and sustainability. However, cultural policies have been unable to respond to the dilemmas and expectations that this new order presents. In order to appreciate the consequences of this process, it is essential to gain a better understanding of cultural policy change dynamics. This paper develops a framework for analysing cultural policy stability and change and applies it to the evolution of cultural policy in Catalonia. Both policy continuity and change are conditioned by the evolution of policy discourse on culture and the characteristics of the cultural policy subsystem. Within this framework, we also take into account the role of factors that are exogenous to the cultural domain. Lastly this paper addresses particular characteristics of cultural policy change in regions or stateless nations

Renal cell carcinoma induces interleukin 10 and prostaglandin E2 production by monocytes

Immunotherapy with interleukin 2 (IL-2) is not an effective anti-cancer treatment in the majority of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), suggesting that the activation of cytotoxic T cells or NK cells may be impaired in vivo in these patients. The production of immunosuppressive factors by RCC was investigated. Using immunohistochemistry, IL-10 was detectable in 10 of 21 tumour samples tested. IL-10 was undetectable in the supernatant of cell lines derived from these RCCs. However, these cell lines or their conditioned medium (RCC CM), but not normal renal epithelial cells adjacent to the RCC or breastcarcinoma cell lines, were found to induce IL-10, as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α production by autologous or allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes. IL-10 production induced by RCC CM was found to be dependent on TNF-α and PGE2 since an anti-TNF-α antibody (Ab) inhibited 40–70% of IL-10 production by monocytes, and the combination of anti-TNF-α Ab and indomethacin, an inhibitor of PGE2 production, inhibited 80–94% of RCC CM-induced IL-10 production by monocytes. The RCC CM of the five cell lines tested were found to induce a down-regulation of the expression of HLA-DR and CD86, as well as a strong inhibition of mannose receptor-dependent endocytosis by monocytes. The blockade of HLA-DR and CD86 expression was partially abrogated by indomethacin and anti-IL-10 Ab respectively, and completely abrogated by an anti-TNF-α Ab. The inhibition of mannose receptor-dependent endocytosis was partially abrogated by an anti-IL-10 Ab and completely abrogated by an anti-TNF-α Ab. These esults indicate that RCCs induce IL-10, PGE2 and TNF-α production by monocytes, which down-regulate the expression of cell-surface molecules involved in antigen presentation as well as their endocytic capacity. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig

Polymorphisme et chiralité de la N-phényl N’-[1-{3-(1 -phényl-4-pipérazino)propane-2-ol}]urée

Les différentes formes d'un composé original, la N-phényl N'-[l-{3-(1-phényl-4-pipérazino)propane-2-ol}]urée (PU), ont été obtenues et caractérisées par des études de diffractometrie RX sur poudre, analyse enthalpique différentielle, analyse au thermo-système optique et par spectrographie infrarouge. Le produit PU est un racémique qui cristallise à 20 °C dans le trichloroéthylène sous forme de racémate orthorhombique (Ro) ou dans le méthanol sous forme de racémate monoclinique (Rm). Les études en inontée de température à la chambre de GUINIER-SIMON ont montré avant fusion la transformation progressive de Rm en Ro. Si l'on maintient trop longtemps PU à température élevée (> à 190 °C et ou > à 2 min), la molécule se cyclise en 2-oxazolidinone avec élimination d’aniline. Par fusion contrôlée de PU, puis trempe, on obtient un verre qui après dévitrifïcation donne un conglomérat. Après recristallisation dans le méthanol, un énantiomère orthorhombique (Eo) a été séparé et sa structure cristalline a pu être établie

Physicochemical and crystallographic evidence for polymorphism of the racemic ethyl (2-chloromethyl-2,3-dihydro-5H-oxazolo [3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one)-6-carboxylate

no abstrac

Physicochemical and crystallographic evidence for polymorphism of the racemic ethyl (2-chloromethyl-2,3-dihydro-5H-oxazolo [3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one)-6-carboxylate

no abstrac