EMPLOYMENT AND AUTONOMY IN HIGHER EDUCATION

At the turning of the 20th century there were 67 universities and colleges in Hungary. Act No. XXXVI. of 1912 established two other universities seated in Pozsony and Debrecen. The number of undergraduates increased significantly in that time (from 1895 to 1912 with 81.5 percents); however the number of undergraduates were below the number in Western-Europe. As Andor Ladányi stated, in the semesters 1913/14 there were 16.5 undergraduates in every 100,000 residents in Austria, 14 undergraduates in Germany, and only 9.6 undergraduates in Hungary. On the other hand, the growth of number of teachers was not harmonized with the growth of number of undergraduates at all.undergraduates, employment, higher education, Hungarian system of higher education.

The Role of Liability for Damages in Labour Law

AbstractThe starting point of my paper is the question whether in labour law – regarding its specialities – it is justified to develop a liability system different from the system of the classical civil law liability for damages. In the system of labour law liability for damages the classical solutions of liability are mixed what is interpreted on the one hand by the specialities of the legal relationship, and on the other hand by the obligation parties’ of different positions. It can be stated that the different regulation is justified and necessary regarding both the labour and civil law and the subjects of the employment relationship

A drámapedagógia kapcsolata más tudományterületekkel

In this paper, I study the connection of drama pedagogy to other fields of science especially to foreign language teaching. It appears from the literature that drama pedagogy plays a key role in communicative language teaching, as dramatic activities prevail in action-oriented language teaching approach exceedingly well. From a developmental psychological point of view drama games add to personal development and help with disappearing of social and emotional inhibitions. As a result, development can be experienced in creative thinking, self-expression, self-awareness, empathy, problem solving, stress management and communication. This helps with developing of communicative competence because using drama techniques creates such a meaningful context, in which students have to answer not only linguistically correct, but also they have to understand different emotions, types of behavior and intentions to have successful interactions. Consequently, drama pedagogy contributes significantly to realising the aims of communicative language teaching

High Intensity Broad Spectrum LEDs in the Near Infrared Range

IR LEDs are widely used in the near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, especially in hand-held devices for the detection and measurement of organic materials, allowing faster and cheaper examinations. The -OH, -NH and -CH functional groups found in organic substances can frequently be detected by spectroscopy through absorbance measurement at the resonance wavelength of valence-bond vibrations. The measured wavelengths are 4-2.5 μm, while signal to noise ratio of photon detectors is low due to thermal noise at room temperature. The 1st-3rd harmonic absorption bands are located in the range of the NIR, where smaller signals can be measured effectively in practice. The LEDs have tunable narrow wavelength range therefore they are suitable for such measurements as radiation sources. Further advantages of LEDs compared to incandescent lamps are small dimensions, high efficiency, and low power consumption. In order to tune the emission wavelength of the LED, the composition of the semiconductor light-emitting layer has to be properly set. The change in chemical composition will generally affect the lattice constant too. The crystal defects caused by lattice-mismatch often reduce the efficiency. The emission wavelength is tunable in the quaternary GaInAsP/InP material system meanwhile the lattice-constant remains unchanged. Absorption band of the organic materials is generally broader than the emission spectrum of the LED, therefore a broader emitter is preferred. To achieve this, a number of solutions are known. One of these is to use multiple layers with different composition, where the primary light comes from the active layer at the p-n junction of the diode, then excites the second smaller band gap layer producing longer wavelength secondary light by photoluminescence. The transmitted part of the primary light, together with the secondary light, results in a broader spectrum. This method is not yet implemented in this material system, so my work is focused mainly on this approach