Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cerebral malaria in children in Uganda: a case-control study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection increases the burden of malaria by increasing susceptibility to infection and decreasing the response to malarial treatment. HIV-1 has also been found to suppress the immune system and predispose to severe forms of malaria in adults. There is still a paucity of data on the association between HIV-1 infection and cerebral malaria in children. The aim of this study was to determine whether HIV-1 infection is a risk factor for cerebral malaria in children.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>We conducted an unmatched case-control study, in which 100 children with cerebral malaria were compared with 132 with uncomplicated malaria and 120 with no malaria. In stratified analyses we estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for age.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>HIV-1 infection was present in 9% of children with cerebral malaria compared to 2.3% in uncomplicated malaria (age-adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 5.94 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36-25.94, p = 0.012); and 2.5% in children with no malaria (aOR 3.85 (95% CI0.99-14.93, p = 0.037). The age-adjusted odds of being HIV-positive among children with cerebral malaria compared to the control groups (children with uncomplicated malaria and no malaria) was 4.98 (95% CI 1.54-16.07), p-value = 0.003.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>HIV-1 infection is associated with clinical presentation of cerebral malaria in children. Clinicians should ensure that children diagnosed with HIV infection are initiated on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis as soon as the diagnosis is made and caretakers counselled on the importance of adherence to the cotrimoxazole towards reducing the risk of acquiring <it>P.falciparum </it>malaria and associated complications such as cerebral malaria. Other malaria preventive measures such as use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets should also be emphasized during counselling sessions.</p

On the changes of species composition of tuna catches in the Senegal-Mauritania area

Le document présente les principaux résultats de la recherche sur le commerce et l'utilisation des prises accessoires retenues et débarquées à Abidjan par les senneurs dans l'Atlantique Est. D'après cette recherche, les prises accessoires retenues contribuent grandement à la sécurité alimentaire et elles revêtent une grande importance sociale et économique pour la population locale. Une partie des poissons débarqués à Abidjan par les senneurs a été acheminée vers d'autres villes de Côte d'Ivoire et également vers d'autres pays, comme le Burkina Faso et le Mali. Les thonidés demeurant à Abidjan ont été majoritairement (95%) utilisés par les industries du garba (garbadromes). Ces garbadromes ont créé entre six et neuf mille postes de travail et sont accessibles à pratiquement toute la population, notamment les jeunes. Toutefois, la durabilité de ce commerce ne peut pas être effective sans une politique de rétention appropriée que l'ICCAT devrait adopter en ce qui concerne les thonidés tropicaux de l'océan Atlantique

Statistics of the European and associated purse seine and baitboat fleets, in the Atlantic Ocean (1991-2017)

The document presents an overall summary of the fishing activities of the European and assimilated purse seine and bait boat fleets operating in the eastern Atlantic Ocean over the period 1991-2017. We describe the annual changes in fleet technical characteristics (carrying capacity, size), fishing effort (fishing and searching days), extent of fishing grounds, catches and nominal Catch per Unit Effort by species, as well as the average individual weight by species. Maps are also presented indicating the fishing effort distribution in the Atlantic, as well as the spatio-temporal distribution of European and assimilated purse seine catches in 2017 compared to previous years (2010-2016).Ce document présente un résumé général des activités de pêche de la flottille de senneurs et de canneurs européens et assimilés qui opérait dans l'océan Atlantique Est au cours de la période 1991-2017. Ce document décrit les changements annuels survenus dans les caractéristiques techniques de la flottille (capacité de transport, taille), l'effort de pêche (jours de pêche et jours de recherche), l’étendue des zones de pêche, les prises et la capture nominale par unité d'effort par espèce, ainsi que le poids individuel moyen par espèce. Des cartes sont également présentées indiquant la distribution de l'effort de pêche dans l'Atlantique, ainsi que la distribution spatio-temporelle des prises des senneurs européens et assimilés en 2017 par rapport aux années antérieures (2010-2016).Este documento presenta un resumen global de las actividades pesqueras de la flota de cerco y cebo vivo europea y asociada que operó en el Atlántico oriental durante el periodo 1991-2017. Se describen los cambios anuales en las características técnicas de la flota (capacidad de transporte, tamaño), el esfuerzo pesquero (días de búsqueda y de pesca), la magnitud de los caladeros, las capturas y la captura por unidad de esfuerzo nominal por especies, así como el peso medio individual por especies. También se presentan mapas de pesca que indican la distribución del esfuerzo pesquero en el Atlántico, así como la distribución espacial y temporal de las capturas de cerco de la flota europea y asimilada en 2017, en comparación con años previos (2010-2016)

Statistics of the european and associated purse seine and baitboat fleets,in the Atlantic Ocean (1991-2018)

The document presents an overallsummary of the fishing activities of the European and assimilated purse seineand bait boatfleetsoperating in the eastern Atlantic Ocean over the period 1991-2018. We describe the annual changes in fleet technical characteristics (carrying capacity, size), fishing effort (fishing and searching days), extent of fishing grounds, catchesand nominal Catch perUnit Effort by species, as well as the average individual weight by species. Maps are also presented indicating the fishing effortdistribution in the Atlantic, as well as the spatio-temporal distribution of European and assimilated purse seine catches in 2018

Tag-shedding rates for tropical tuna species in the Atlantic Ocean estimated from double-tagging data

International audienceAn objective of the Atlantic Ocean Tropical tuna Tagging Programme (AOTTP) was to estimate Type-I (immediate) and Type-II (long-term) tag-shedding rates for tropical Atlantic tunas from double-tagging experiments. Historical information on tuna tag-shedding studies conducted in different parts of the world was incorporated as prior distributions using a Bayesian approach to estimate the new tag-shedding parameters. Type-I and Type-II tag-shedding rates were respectively estimated at 0.007 and 0.084/yr for bigeye tuna, 0.021 and 0.051/yr for skipjack and 0.021 and 0.088/yr for yellowfin tuna. Using realizations derived from the MCMC posterior distributions, the shedding rate was estimated to reach 50% of the tags after seven and a half years at sea for yellowfin and after eight years at sea for bigeye tuna. The loss rate of conventional tags is lower for skipjack. Our results suggested that continuous Type-II shedding rate is size-dependant for yellowfin and bigeye (i.e., showing a three-fold increase between individuals less than 45 cm fork length (FL) at release and fishes larger than 65 cm FL). This study reinforces the need to account for tag-shedding along with other sources of uncertainty, such as reporting rate, in order to accurately estimate the exploitation and mortality rates derived from tagging data

Tag-shedding rates for tropical tuna species in the Atlantic Ocean estimated from double-tagging data

An objective of the Atlantic Ocean Tropical tuna Tagging Programme (AOTTP) was to estimate Type-I (immediate) and Type-II (long-term) tag-shedding rates for tropical Atlantic tunas from double-tagging experiments. Historical information on tuna tag-shedding studies conducted in different parts of the world was incorporated as prior distributions using a Bayesian approach to estimate the new tag-shedding parameters. Type-I and Type-II tag-shedding rates were respectively estimated at 0.007 and 0.084/yr for bigeye tuna, 0.021 and 0.051/yr for skipjack and 0.021 and 0.088/yr for yellowfin tuna. Using realizations derived from the MCMC posterior distributions, the shedding rate was estimated to reach 50% of the tags after seven and a half years at sea for yellowfin and after eight years at sea for bigeye tuna. The loss rate of conventional tags is lower for skipjack. Our results suggested that continuous Type-II shedding rate is size-dependant for yellowfin and bigeye (i.e., showing a three-fold increase between individuals less than 45 cm fork length (FL) at release and fishes larger than 65 cm FL). This study reinforces the need to account for tag-shedding along with other sources of uncertainty, such as reporting rate, in order to accurately estimate the exploitation and mortality rates derived from tagging data

Assessment of trace metal contamination in mangrove ecosystems from Senegal, West Africa.

International audienceThe inorganic contamination of sediment and harvested molluscs was investigated in the mangrove environment of Southern West Senegal. Trace metals were analysed in surface sediments, two bivalves (Arca senilis and Crassostera gasar) and three gastropods (Conus spp., Hexaplex duplex and Pugilina morio) collected from four stations: Dionewar, Niodor and Falia localised in the Saloum Delta, and Fadiouth from the Petite Côte. A geochemical normalisation approach by using aluminium allowed for discrimination of sediment contamination among sites. Indeed, Fadiouth appeared highly contaminated with Cd, Hg and Ni compared to the Saloum Delta. For all mangrove sites, trace metals exhibited significant higher concentrations (on a dry weight basis) in shellfish compared to sediments, excepted for Ni and Pb. The distribution pattern followed a similar global trend in molluscs regardless of the spatio-temporal variability, with the predominance of Zn (80% of total metals) followed by Cu and Cd. However, strong differences of metal bioavailability and bioaccumulation in biota were demonstrated, revealing the requirement of employing a suite of organism bioindicators to monitor metal contamination in mangrove ecosystems. From an ecotoxicological point of view, trace metal levels in sediments from the Petite Côte and the Sine-Saloum Estuary were below the effects range-low (ERL) threshold limit of the sediment quality guidelines for adverse biological effects (SQGs). On the opposite, some concerns about Cd contamination of edible shellfish from Southern West Senegal were highlighted, from both the safety point of view of local populations' health, and the chemical quality point of view of exported resources

Statistics of the European and associated Purse seine and baitboat fleets, in the Atlantic ocean.

The document presents an overall summary of the fishing activities of the European and assimilated purse seine and bait boat fleets operating in the eastern Atlantic Ocean over the period 1991-2016. We describe the annual changes in fleet technical characteristics (carrying capacity, size), fishing effort (fishing and searching days), extent of fishing grounds, catches and nominal Catch per Unit Effort by species, as well as the average individual weight by species. Maps are also presented indicating the fishing effort distribution in the Atlantic, as well as the spatio-temporal distribution of European and assimilated purse seine catches in 2016 compared to previous years (2010-2015)