Effets de l’annonce du diagnostic de la COVID-19 sur les voyageurs en Côte d’Ivoire

The psychosocial effect of COVID-19 coupled with that of mobility restriction in air travelers is poorly documented. The objective of this study was to improve knowledge on the effect of COVID-19 on travelers in Côte d'Ivoire. The psychosocial effect of COVID-19 coupled with that of mobility restriction in air travelers is poorly documented. The objective of this study was to improve knowledge on the effect of COVID-19 on travelers in Côte d'Ivoire. A qualitative study was carried out with travelers consulting the COVID-19 team of the Institut Pasteur in Côte d'Ivoire. Data collection was carried out from August 13 to December 31, 2020 from travelers with a positive Covid-19 test through semi-structured individual interviews. Thirty-two travellers aged 18 to 69 were included. This analysis shows that the announcement of the diagnosis generates a wide range of negative psychological reactions due to the fact of being infected and the impossibility of travelling. Among these reactions are anxieties of dream annihilation, anger, aggressiveness, the feeling of injustice and revolt. These reactions include anxieties of dream annihilation, anger, aggressiveness, the feeling of injustice and revolt. In terms of financial impact, additional airfare and accommodation costs are the main additional costs mentioned. Furthermore, the impossibility of returning to work constituted a great financial loss, especially for those who left for a new job because the job was threatened. At the social level, several travelers mentioned the fear of being stigmatized. The announcement of a highly contagious infectious disease has a double challenge: the reduction of the psychosocial impact and the reduction of transmission.L’effet psychosocial de la COVID-19 couplé à celui de la restriction de mobilité chez les voyageurs aériens est très peu documenté. L’objectif de cette étude était d’améliorer les connaissances des effets de la COVID-19 sur les voyageurs en Côte d’Ivoire. Une étude qualitative a été réalisée auprès des voyageurs consultant l’équipe COVID-19 de l’Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire. La collecte des données a été réalisée du 13 août au 31 décembre 2020 auprès des voyageurs ayant un test de COVID-19 positif à travers des entretiens individuels semi-directifs. Trente-deux voyageurs âgés de 18 à 69 ont été inclus. Il ressort de cette analyse que l’annonce du diagnostic génère des réactions psychologiques négatives très variées dues au fait d’être infecté et à l’impossibilité de voyager. Au nombre de ces réactions, figurent des angoisses d’anéantissement de rêve, la colère, l’agressivité, le sentiment d’injustice et la révolte. Au niveau de l’impact financier, les frais supplémentaires sur le billet d’avion et les frais de séjour sont les principaux surcoûts mentionnés. En outre, l’impossibilité de reprendre le travail constituait une perte financière particulièrement pour ceux qui partaient pour un nouvel emploi. Au niveau social, la crainte d’être stigmatisé a été mentionnée par plusieurs voyageurs. L’annonce d’une maladie infectieuse très contagieuse a un double enjeu : la réduction de l’effet psychosocial et la diminution de la transmission

Effets de l’annonce du diagnostic de la COVID-19 sur les voyageurs en Côte d’Ivoire

The psychosocial effect of COVID-19 coupled with that of mobility restriction in air travelers is poorly documented. The objective of this study was to improve knowledge on the effect of COVID-19 on travelers in Côte d'Ivoire. The psychosocial effect of COVID-19 coupled with that of mobility restriction in air travelers is poorly documented. The objective of this study was to improve knowledge on the effect of COVID-19 on travelers in Côte d'Ivoire. A qualitative study was carried out with travelers consulting the COVID-19 team of the Institut Pasteur in Côte d'Ivoire. Data collection was carried out from August 13 to December 31, 2020 from travelers with a positive Covid-19 test through semi-structured individual interviews. Thirty-two travellers aged 18 to 69 were included. This analysis shows that the announcement of the diagnosis generates a wide range of negative psychological reactions due to the fact of being infected and the impossibility of travelling. Among these reactions are anxieties of dream annihilation, anger, aggressiveness, the feeling of injustice and revolt. These reactions include anxieties of dream annihilation, anger, aggressiveness, the feeling of injustice and revolt. In terms of financial impact, additional airfare and accommodation costs are the main additional costs mentioned. Furthermore, the impossibility of returning to work constituted a great financial loss, especially for those who left for a new job because the job was threatened. At the social level, several travelers mentioned the fear of being stigmatized. The announcement of a highly contagious infectious disease has a double challenge: the reduction of the psychosocial impact and the reduction of transmission.L’effet psychosocial de la COVID-19 couplé à celui de la restriction de mobilité chez les voyageurs aériens est très peu documenté. L’objectif de cette étude était d’améliorer les connaissances des effets de la COVID-19 sur les voyageurs en Côte d’Ivoire. Une étude qualitative a été réalisée auprès des voyageurs consultant l’équipe COVID-19 de l’Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire. La collecte des données a été réalisée du 13 août au 31 décembre 2020 auprès des voyageurs ayant un test de COVID-19 positif à travers des entretiens individuels semi-directifs. Trente-deux voyageurs âgés de 18 à 69 ont été inclus. Il ressort de cette analyse que l’annonce du diagnostic génère des réactions psychologiques négatives très variées dues au fait d’être infecté et à l’impossibilité de voyager. Au nombre de ces réactions, figurent des angoisses d’anéantissement de rêve, la colère, l’agressivité, le sentiment d’injustice et la révolte. Au niveau de l’impact financier, les frais supplémentaires sur le billet d’avion et les frais de séjour sont les principaux surcoûts mentionnés. En outre, l’impossibilité de reprendre le travail constituait une perte financière particulièrement pour ceux qui partaient pour un nouvel emploi. Au niveau social, la crainte d’être stigmatisé a été mentionnée par plusieurs voyageurs. L’annonce d’une maladie infectieuse très contagieuse a un double enjeu : la réduction de l’effet psychosocial et la diminution de la transmission

Laboratory attitudes and practices in the conservation of biological tissues for research purposes in Cote d'Ivoire

Background : Since 2009, Côte d'Ivoire has had a biobank, which now houses the ECOWAS regional biobank. This biobank intends to set up a biological tissue bank for research. In Côte d'Ivoire, several public and private structures handle biological tissues. However, we do not know which ones are involved in the conservation of biological tissues and their related procedures. To ensure optimal conservation of biological tissues at the biobank of Côte d'Ivoire, it is necessary to conduct a study on the state of the art of tissue preservation in Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of our work is to know the attitudes and practices of biological tissue preservation in Côte d'Ivoire.Methods : This is a descriptive study carried out in biological analysis laboratories in the south of the Ivory Coast.Results : A total of 66 laboratories agreed to answer the questionnaire that was proposed to them. Among them, only 21.21% kept biological tissues, of which 42.86% were human tissues, 35.71% animal tissues and 21.43% plant tissues. Human tissuesz were stored in formalin at room temperature for a period ranging from 2 weeks to 6 months. Animal biopsies and surgical specimens were stored in formalin and at -80°C for an indefinite period of time. Plant tissues were stored at room temperature and +4°C for an indefinite period of time.Conclusion : The conservation quality of biological tissues still needs to be improved

Biochemical characterization of juices from three wild fruit species consumed in Côte d’Ivoire "Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa and Tamarindus indica"

In the context of the valorization and the development of local products in Côte d’Ivoire, this study is based on juices samples prepared from the pulp of wild fruits of Baobab (Adansonia digitata), Tomi (Tamarindus indica) and Néré (Parkia biglobosa). The physiochemical characteristics such as dry matter (desiccation, 105°C), mineral (spectrophotometer), ash, fat, fiber and protein (AOAC), Energy (coefficients), vitamins A & C (HPLC), organic acids & total polyphenols (HPLC), carbohydrate (by difference), pH and titratable acidity (titrimetry, NaOH) of pasteurized juices (75°C, 5 min) were investigated. Data showed that the juices have been characterized by low protein (0.21-0.28 %), fat (0.26-0.65 %) and ash (0.20-0.47 %) content and high level of total carbohydrates (21-30 %) and energy (85.83-124.43 Kcal/100mL). Baobab and Tomi juices were distinguished by their high acidity (103-159 meq.g / Kg) while Baobab and Néré juices were characterized by their average fiber content (4-5.30 %). The juices of Baobab, Tomi and Néré are very rich in some minerals (K and Mg) but calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) are not bioavailable (Oxales/Ca and Oxalates/Fe > 2). The juice of baobab is rich in vit A (80 mg/100mL) and vit C (189 mg/100mL) than the others juices. Catechin was the most phenolic content (52.29-110.32 mg/100mL) where tartric acid was the most organic acid (4.02-6.82 mg/100mL) in the juices. The knowledge of the nutritional value of these juices could contribute to a better understanding of the essential role of these three wild fruits in terms of food and trade

A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis is high. We conducted a trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design to assess the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), or both among HIV-infected adults with high CD4+ cell counts in Ivory Coast. METHODS: We included participants who had HIV type 1 infection and a CD4+ count of less than 800 cells per cubic millimeter and who met no criteria for starting ART according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: deferred ART (ART initiation according to WHO criteria), deferred ART plus IPT, early ART (immediate ART initiation), or early ART plus IPT. The primary end point was a composite of diseases included in the case definition of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS-defining cancer, non-AIDS-defining invasive bacterial disease, or death from any cause at 30 months. We used Cox proportional models to compare outcomes between the deferred-ART and early-ART strategies and between the IPT and no-IPT strategies. RESULTS: A total of 2056 patients (41% with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter) were followed for 4757 patient-years. A total of 204 primary end-point events were observed (3.8 events per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3 to 4.4), including 68 in patients with a baseline CD4+ count of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter (3.2 events per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 2.4 to 4.0). Tuberculosis and invasive bacterial diseases accounted for 42% and 27% of primary end-point events, respectively. The risk of death or severe HIV-related illness was lower with early ART than with deferred ART (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.76; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.94) and lower with IPT than with no IPT (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.88; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.01). The 30-month probability of grade 3 or 4 adverse events did not differ significantly among the strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In this African country, immediate ART and 6 months of IPT independently led to lower rates of severe illness than did deferred ART and no IPT, both overall and among patients with CD4+ counts of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter. (Funded by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis; TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00495651.)

Effect of isoniazid preventive therapy on risk of death in west African, HIV-infected adults with high CD4 cell counts: long-term follow-up of the Temprano ANRS 12136 trial.

BACKGROUND: Temprano ANRS 12136 was a factorial 2 × 2 trial that assessed the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART; ie, in patients who had not reached the CD4 cell count threshold used to recommend starting ART, as per the WHO guidelines that were the standard during the study period) and 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in HIV-infected adults in Côte d'Ivoire. Early ART and IPT were shown to independently reduce the risk of severe morbidity at 30 months. Here, we present the efficacy of IPT in reducing mortality from the long-term follow-up of Temprano. METHODS: For Temprano, participants were randomly assigned to four groups (deferred ART, deferred ART plus IPT, early ART, or early ART plus IPT). Participants who completed the trial follow-up were invited to participate in a post-trial phase. The primary post-trial phase endpoint was death, as analysed by the intention-to-treat principle. We used Cox proportional models to compare all-cause mortality between the IPT and no IPT strategies from inclusion in Temprano to the end of the follow-up period. FINDINGS: Between March 18, 2008, and Jan 5, 2015, 2056 patients (mean baseline CD4 count 477 cells per μL) were followed up for 9404 patient-years (Temprano 4757; post-trial phase 4647). The median follow-up time was 4·9 years (IQR 3·3-5·8). 86 deaths were recorded (Temprano 47 deaths; post-trial phase 39 deaths), of which 34 were in patients randomly assigned IPT (6-year probability 4·1%, 95% CI 2·9-5·7) and 52 were in those randomly assigned no IPT (6·9%, 5·1-9·2). The hazard ratio of death in patients who had IPT compared with those who did not have IPT was 0·63 (95% CI, 0·41 to 0·97) after adjusting for the ART strategy (early vs deferred), and 0·61 (0·39-0·94) after adjustment for the ART strategy, baseline CD4 cell count, and other key characteristics. There was no evidence for statistical interaction between IPT and ART (pinteraction=0·77) or between IPT and time (pinteraction=0·94) on mortality. INTERPRETATION: In Côte d'Ivoire, where the incidence of tuberculosis was last reported as 159 per 100 000 people, 6 months of IPT has a durable protective effect in reducing mortality in HIV-infected people, even in people with high CD4 cell counts and who have started ART. FUNDING: National Research Agency on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS)

Bases génétiques et biochimiques de la capacité germinative des graines: implications pour les systèmes semenciers et la production alimentaire

Une bonne semence est essentielle pour une agriculture productive. Les attributs de qualité de la semence incluent les paramètres génétiques, physiques, physiologiques et les conditions sanitaires. Ces attributs donnent des informations utiles sur la capacité germinative de la semence, la rapidité de l’émergence des plantules et leur capacité à établir des plantes vigoureuses et productives. Une des qualités majeures de la semence, est sa capacité germinative ou le potentiel de la semence à germer et a produire des plantules vigoureuses dans les conditions favorables. La capacité germinative est sous le contrôle de plusieurs facteurs intrinsèques et environnementaux. Des travaux de recherche menés sur des graines de plusieurs espèces ont identifié, au titre des causes intrinsèques, des facteurs biochimiques et génétiques impliqués dans la capacité germinative de la graine. La connaissance de ces facteurs est utile pour la production agricole à travers l’amélioration des conditions de conservation des semences et la mise en place de systèmes semenciers efficaces. Cet article fait une synthèse de ces travaux de recherche et discute de la relation entre capacité germinative des graines et sécurité alimentaire.Mots clé: Semence, capacité germinative, facteurs biochimiques, gènes, systèmes semenciers, sécurité alimentair

Electronegativity difference, atomic size parameter and widths of supercooled liquid region of Sb2S3-As2S3-Sb2Te3 glasses.

International audienc

Glycaemic Index and Load Values Tested in Normoglycemic Adults for Five Staple Foodstuffs: Pounded Yam, Pounded Cassava-Plantain, Placali, Attieke and Maize Meal Stiff Porridge

There is currently an increased global interest in the published glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) values of foods. However, data on the GI and GL values of different varieties of foods within Côte d’Ivoire are very limited. The study therefore aimed at finding the GI and GL of the main food staples in Côte d’Ivoire. Following the International Standard Organisation’s protocol (ISO/FDI 26642:2010), a selection of five staple foodstuffs were tested for their GI and GL. Fasted healthy subjects were given 50 g of available carbohydrate servings of a glucose reference, which was tested twice, and test foods which were tested once, on separate occasions. Excepted attieke (GI 63), the majority of foods tested have a high GI (GI > 70). Attieke (agbodjama) had a high GL (GL 29) while placali (GL 17) and maize meal stiff porridge (GL 16) had medium GLs. The GLs of pounded cassava-plantain and pounded yam are 26 and 22. Consumption of attieke could minimize postprandial blood glucose spikes, in spite of high GL and potentially have benefit in the management and prevention of some chronic diseases

Multispecies allometric equations for shrubs and trees biomass prediction in a Guinean savanna (West Africa)

International audienceHighlights • New allometric equations were developed for predicting aboveground and belowground biomass (AGB and BGB) of trees and multi-stemmed shrubs in the Guinean savannas based on field measurements, providing information for West African mesic savannas and filling a critical knowledge gap. • AGB and BGB of trees were better predicted from the quantity ρD b 2 H (with ρ the specific wood density in g cm-3 , D b the stem basal diameter in cm, and H the tree height in m). • Obtaining accurate estimates of AGB and BGB in multi-stemmed shrubs required additional consideration of the total number of stems. • The root/shoot biomass ratio decreased with increasing of the stem size (measured by D b) for trees but remains relatively unchanged for shrubs