Ranking Education Level in Myanmar using Weighted Sum Model

The educational sector in Myanmar is facing with numerous challenges such as lack of infrastructural and human resources, poor accessibility, imbalance between demand and supply, among others. Defining the education level is a key success factor for a country. This paper presents a real application of ranking education levels of States in Myanmar using the one of multi-criteria decision making models called Weighted Sum Model. The proposed paper has applied four criteria for ranking the educational conditions of Seven States in Myanmar. Finally, the system displays the list of rank of education levels of States

Effectiveness of Crop Residues Mulching on Water Use Efficiency and Productivity under Different Annual Cropping Patterns of Magway

Water availability in dryland crop production is influenced by the quantity of rainfall and soil ability for holding it. To improve dryland agricultural productivity, understanding of crop water use through the growing season as affected by different residue management is necessary. Two- consecutive seasons field experiments (monsoon and postmonsoon seasons of 2015-2016) were conducted at the Oilseed Crop Research Center, Magway. The experimental design was RCB factorial arrangements with three replications. Crop residue mulching at the rate of 5 t ha-1 (M) and non-mulching (NM) were tested with five levels of cropping patterns: sesame-green gram (SS-GG), sesame-groundnut (SS-GN), groundnut-green gram (GN-GG), groundnut-groundnut (GN-GN) and groundnut-sorghum (GN-SG). The objectives of the present study were to determine the grain yield and biomass production and water use efficiency of individual crops in the cropping patterns; and to investigate appropriate cropping sequences for better harvested monetary benefit per unit rainfall under rainfed condition. Crop residue mulching proved its potential to improve crop production through crop yield, biomass production and WUE in both seasons. High profit and the best harvested monetary benefit were obtained using crop residue mulching. Among the postmonsoon season crops, green gram was short duration crop and capable to produce optimal yield with limited amount of soil moisture under unfavorable weather condition. The groundnut crop in GN-GN with mulching gave the highest yield, biomass, WUE and harvested monetary benefit in monsoon seasons. The green gram in SS-GG and GN-GG with mulching and groundnut in SS-GN with mulching gave higher yield and WUE in postmonsoon seasons among all cropping patterns. Therefore, crop residue mulching should be practiced to protect soil deterioration and improve soil water in sandy soil and eventually sustain agricultural productivity

Occurrence of Root and Stem Rot of Durian in Mon State and its Control by Trunk Injection with Phosphorous Acid

Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr) orchards in Thahton, Pauung, Mudon and Thanphyuzayat Townships. Mon State, were visited during 2000-2001. Root and stem rot disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora was found to be serious and widespread in those durian growing areas. Disease incidence ranged from 16% to 100%. The investigation was undertaken at Kangalay orchard (Mudon Township) and Kyonka orchard (Paung Township), Myanma Agriculture Service, to evaluate the effect of trunk injection of Phosphorous acid and some chemical application in controlling of root and stem rot of durian. Effective control of the disease on 4-year-old durian trees was achieved by injecting 20% Phosphorous acid twice a year. Phosphorous acid injection in combination with Ridomil 25 WP bark paint and Ridomil 5G soil treatment was also found to be effective

Occurrence of the rice root nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae on monsoon rice in Myanmar

During May-October 2007, soil and root samples from 539 fields were collected from 11 monsoon rice varieties in 12 regions in Myanmar. All regions surveyed and 90% of fields sampled were infested with the rice root nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae. The average H. oryzae population was 10/100 mL soil and 419/20 g roots respectively. In 6.9% of the fields sampled 50 H. oryzae/g root were found. The average root population densities were the highest (640/20 g roots) in Taungpyan variety and the lowest (155/20 g roots) in Immayebaw variety. The lowest soil and the second-lowest root populations of H. oryzae were observed in Shwethweyin which may indicate that this rice variety is less susceptible to H. oryzae. Among three cropping sequences, the highest frequency of occurrence (94%) was found in the rice-rice cropping sequence. Based on the prominence value (a combination of the frequency of occurrence and abundance) of H. oryzae, Hlaingtharyar was the most infested region where susceptible rice varieties are grown and rice-rice cropping sequence is practiced. The rice production in this region may be the most at risk of suffering important yield losses due to H. oryzae