Adaptiivisuus hyötypeleissä

Tiivistelmä. Videopelien suosion kasvaessa hyötypelien käyttö on yleistymässä perinteisen opetuksen ohella. Hyötypelien adaptiivisuus tarjoaa jokaiselle pelaajalle mahdollisuuden saada pelistä tietojaan ja taitojaan vastaava haaste, mutta adaptiivisten pelien kehittäminen on haaste itsessään. Tämä tutkielma on perinteinen kirjallisuuskatsaus, jossa tarkastellaan sekä hyötypelien, pelien adaptiivisuuden sekä hyötypelien adaptiivisuuden nykytilannetta. Tutkielman on tarkoitus antaa lukijalle käsitys siitä, mitä adaptiivisuus on ja kuinka sitä voidaan hyötypeleissä hyödyntää. Aiheesta on tehty jo runsaasti tutkimusta, mutta tutkielman tulokset osoittavat että adaptiivisuus on lupaava tapa parantaa pelaajien oppimiskokemusta sekä viihtyvyyden että oppimistehokkuuden kannalta, ja on täten aihe, jota on syytä tutkia lisää sen täyden potentiaalin hyödyntämiseksi.Abstract. As videogames are becoming more and more popular, the usage of serious games alongside traditional pedagogical methods is on the rise. Adaptivity in serious games gives every player the chance to have a challenge suited for their level of knowledge and skill, but developing adaptive games is a challenge itself. This thesis examines the current situation in serious gaming, video game adaptivity and adaptivity in serious games. The aim of this thesis is to give the reader a general understanding of adaptivity and how it can benefit serious games. There is already a sizeable amount of research done about the subject, but the results of this thesis indicate that adaptivity is a promising way of making serious gaming more immersive, effective and fun, and thus requires more research to make use of its full potential

Virallisten lajikekokeiden tuloksia 1975-1982

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Virallisten lajikekokeiden tuloksia 1979-1986

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Virallisten lajikekokeiden tulosyhdistelmiä 1981

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Virallisten lajikekokeiden tuloksia 1977-1984

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Virallisten lajikekokeiden tuloksia 1976-1983

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Virallisten lajikekokeiden tuloksia 1978-1985

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Explaining Recruitment Stochasticity at a Species' Range Margin

Advancing our understanding of how environmental variability affects the distribution of organisms is crucial for ecology and conservation. The exploration of changes in demographic patterns close to species distribution margins is important as populations here may provide a window into future population changes also elsewhere. However, the knowledge of factors causing recruitment variation is still inadequate in many systems and this deficiency is particularly evident close to species' distribution borders. We studied the spatiotemporal variability in recruit-adult dynamics in a blue mussel, Mytilus trossulus, population to get insights into how environmental variables drive variation in recruitment and how this variability affects adult population growth. Thirty sites along a wave exposure gradient were monitored during four consecutive years. From each site, mussels were collected both from artificial recruitment units and from natural mussel beds. Our results showed high year-to-year variation in recruitment strength with high spatial variation. Mussel recruitment to artificial units and later recruitment to the benthos correlated highly. Juvenile abundances 1 year later paralleled prior recruitment strengths and caused synchronous but time-lagged changes in adult cohorts. Seawater salinity was the strongest predictor for recruitment variation, whereas sea temperature and wave exposure had low predictive power for this early life stage. For juveniles and for adults in the benthos, wave exposure explained the variation best, whereas temperature and especially salinity explained less. The results indicate that (a) the studied blue mussel population is strongly driven by variation in recruitment strength that (b) drives the size of the later cohorts, and the population is possibly even (c) recruitment limited in some years. Our study predicts a challenging future for this range population, resulting from a higher frequency of recruitment failure caused by a deteriorating sea climate. Knowledge about factors underlying variation in recruitment is thus essential for forecasting the future of this range population and for conserving its future state.Peer reviewe

Trophic overlap between expanding and contracting fish predators in a range margin undergoing change

Climate change is predicted to cause a freshening of the Baltic Sea, facilitating range expansions of freshwater species and contractions of marine. Resident marine flounders (Platichthys flesus) and expansive freshwater roach (Rutilus rutilus) are dominant consumers in the Baltic Sea sublittoral where they occur in partial sympatry. By comparing patterns of resource use by flounders and roach along a declining resource gradient of blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus) our aim was to explore predator functional responses and the degree of trophic overlap. Understanding the nature of density-dependent prey acquisition has important implications for predicting population dynamics of both predators and their shared prey. Results showed a highly specialized diet for both species, high reliance on blue mussels throughout the range, similar prey size preference and high trophic overlap. Highest overlap occurred where blue mussels were abundant but overlap was also high where they were scarce. Our results highlight the importance of a single food item - the blue mussel - for both species, likely promoting high population size and range expansion of roach. Findings also suggest that range expansion of roach may have a top-down structuring force on mussels that differ in severity and location from that originating from resident flounders.Peer reviewe

Explaining Recruitment Stochasticity at a Species' Range Margin

Advancing our understanding of how environmental variability affects the distribution of organisms is crucial for ecology and conservation. The exploration of changes in demographic patterns close to species distribution margins is important as populations here may provide a window into future population changes also elsewhere. However, the knowledge of factors causing recruitment variation is still inadequate in many systems and this deficiency is particularly evident close to species' distribution borders. We studied the spatiotemporal variability in recruit-adult dynamics in a blue mussel, Mytilus trossulus, population to get insights into how environmental variables drive variation in recruitment and how this variability affects adult population growth. Thirty sites along a wave exposure gradient were monitored during four consecutive years. From each site, mussels were collected both from artificial recruitment units and from natural mussel beds. Our results showed high year-to-year variation in recruitment strength with high spatial variation. Mussel recruitment to artificial units and later recruitment to the benthos correlated highly. Juvenile abundances 1 year later paralleled prior recruitment strengths and caused synchronous but time-lagged changes in adult cohorts. Seawater salinity was the strongest predictor for recruitment variation, whereas sea temperature and wave exposure had low predictive power for this early life stage. For juveniles and for adults in the benthos, wave exposure explained the variation best, whereas temperature and especially salinity explained less. The results indicate that (a) the studied blue mussel population is strongly driven by variation in recruitment strength that (b) drives the size of the later cohorts, and the population is possibly even (c) recruitment limited in some years. Our study predicts a challenging future for this range population, resulting from a higher frequency of recruitment failure caused by a deteriorating sea climate. Knowledge about factors underlying variation in recruitment is thus essential for forecasting the future of this range population and for conserving its future state