Non-Nepenthes Carnivorous Plants in Indonesia: Current Knowledge on Diversity, Ethnobotany, and Phytochemistry

One of the most unique plant groups in the world is carnivorous plants. Indonesia is home to many species of this plant group. Nepenthaceae, represented by single genus Nepenthes, is relatively well known, but the others are not. A literature study and several field trips were conducted to give a summary of the diversity and the potential uses of the non-Nepenthes carnivorous plants in Indonesia. Three families with a total number of 29 species have been reported for Indonesia, namely Lentibulariaceae (20 species), Droseraceae (8 species), and Byblidaceae (1 species). One species, Aldrovanda vesiculosa is listed as Endangered based on IUCN Red List. The results reveal that several species possess ethnobotanical and medicinal uses as well as other potential such as in phytoremediation and nanoparticle biosynthesis. Several bioactivities have been reported such as anticancer, antihypertensive, antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, or even hepatoprotective. Among the most important bioactivity is anticancer which is supported by the presence of secondary metabolites named plumbagin, which so far has been found in three species. Our result indicates that this plant group is highly potential and warrants further studies and or development

TUMBUHAN BERBIJI DI JAKARTA Jilid 1: 100 Jenis-Jenis Pohon Terpilih

Buku ini banyak mengacu pada daftar jenis tumbuhan berbiji di Jakarta yang saat ini sedang disusun oleh penulis kedua dan kolega, serta menjadi bagian dari proyek besar untuk penyelesaian pendataan keragaman tumbuhan berbiji di Jakar-ta. Buku ini akan dilanjutkan dengan jilid dua untuk jenis-jenis terpilih tumbuhan berperawakan non-pohon yang saat ini juga sedang disusun. Buku ini diharapkan bisa menjadi referensi bagi para mahasiswa, dosen, peneliti, atau pun praktisi keanekaragaman hayati dalam rangka penelitian taksonomi, konservasi atau pun keanekaragaman hayati pada umumnya

TUMBUHAN OBAT SUMATERA UTARA Jilid II : DIKOTILEDON

Pertama-tama kami ucapkan Puji Syukur Kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, atas segala berkat dan anugerah-Nya sehingga buku ini dapat diselesaikan. Buku Jilid ke-2 ini merupakan lanjutan dari buku jilid ke-1 yang berjudul Tumbuhan Obat Sumatera Utara Jilid 1: Monokotiledon. Jumlah jenis yang disajikan dalam buku ini lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan jilid pertama. Penulis menyadari bahwa buku dapat memberi manfaat bagi masyarakat luas khususnya etnis Batak Sumatera Utara, akademisi, siswa, guru dan para pengguna tumbuhan obat. Untuk penyempurnaan buku ini dimasa yang akan datang, kami mengharapakan saran dan masukan sehingga penerbitan selanjutnya dapat lebih baik

TUMBUHAN OBAT SUMATERA UTARA Jilid I : MONOKOTILEDON

Pertama-tama kami ucapkan Puji Syukur Kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, atas segala berkat dan anugerah-Nya sehingga buku ini dapat diselesaikan. Pembuatan buku ini diinspirasi dari penelitian yang telah kami lakukan sejak tahun 2012 hingga 2017 tentang etnomedisin etnis Batak di Sumatera Utara. Etnomedisin merupakan kajian tentang pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai bahan obat oleh berbagai etnis. Etnis Batak merupakan etnis asli di Sumatera Utara yang terdiri dari 5 sub etnis atau sering juga disebut dengan puak yaitu Karo, Phakpak, Simalungun, Toba dan Angkola-Mandailing. Ke lima subetnis tersebut memiliki daerah induk yang berbeda-beda yaitu Batak Karo di Kabupaten Karo dan Deli Serdang, Batak Phakpak di kabupaten Phakpak Baratn dan Dairi, Batak Simalungun di Kabupaten Simalungun, Batak Toba di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Humbang Hasundutan, Toba, dan Toba Samosir, sedangkan Angkola-Mandailing di Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan dan Mandailing Natal. Perbedaan daerah induk, topografi dan keanekaragaman hayati lingkungan sekitar mempengaruhi pemenfaatan tumbuhan

Etnomedisin Tumbuhan Obat oleh Subetnis Batak Phakpak di Desa Surung Mersada, Kabupaten Phakpak Bharat, Sumatera Utara

The research was conducted the ethnomedicine of medicinal plants by ethnic Batak Phakpak, in the Phakpak Bharat District, North Sumatra. The research was conducted by ethnobotany approach through semi-structured interview. A total of 39 respondents consisting of 7 key informants and 32 general respondents were interviewed. The data obtained were analyzed using values of use values (UV) and cultural index significance (ICS). The sub-ethnic of Batak Phakpak in Surung Mersada village have been used 128 species belonging 102 genera and 51 families to cure the 24 types of diseases. Asteraceae, Zingiberaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Rutaceae are the families with the highest number of species, 12, 8, 8, 8, 7 and 6 species respectively. UV of medicinal plants utilized by Phakpak Batak sub-ethnic is 0.25-3.97, while ICS value is 3-150. The bark of Bischofia javanica as a cholesterol drug and the leaves of Sauralia pendula as a hypertension drug arethe plants that have the potential to be developed commercially, so its take research of the secondary metabolites and bioassay

Vaccinium (Ericaceae) in Sulawesi: a new species and a list of known taxa

Vaccinium sulawesiense Mustaqim & P.W.Fritsch, a newly discovered endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, is described. This species is similar to V. simulans Sleumer but differs in having an acuminate leaf apex, larger floral organs, and an absence of trichomes in the upper half of the inner surface of corolla and disk. This species is known from the two specimens, one from a mid-montane rain forest in Mamasa Regency, Sulawesi Barat Province and the another from Poso Regency, Sulawesi Tengah Province. An updated list of the 17 known Vaccinium species in Sulawesi is also provided

Genomic insights into rapid speciation within the world’s largest tree genus Syzygium

Species radiations, despite immense phenotypic variation, can be difficult to resolve phylogenetically when genetic change poorly matches the rapidity of diversification. Genomic potential furnished by palaeopolyploidy, and relative roles for adaptation, random drift and hybridisation in the apportionment of genetic variation, remain poorly understood factors. Here, we study these aspects in a model radiation, Syzygium, the most species-rich tree genus worldwide. Genomes of 182 distinct species and 58 unidentified taxa are compared against a chromosome-level reference genome of the sea apple, Syzygium grande. We show that while Syzygium shares an ancient genome doubling event with other Myrtales, little evidence exists for recent polyploidy events. Phylogenomics confirms that Syzygium originated in Australia-New Guinea and diversified in multiple migrations, eastward to the Pacific and westward to India and Africa, in bursts of speciation visible as poorly resolved branches on phylogenies. Furthermore, some sublineages demonstrate genomic clines that recapitulate cladogenetic events, suggesting that stepwise geographic speciation, a neutral process, has been important in Syzygium diversification

Genomic insights into rapid speciation within the world's largest tree genus Syzygium

The relative importance of the mechanisms underlying species radiation remains unclear. Here, the authors combine reference genome assembly and population genetics analyses to show that neutral forces have contributed to the radiation of the most species-rich tree genus Syzygium. Species radiations, despite immense phenotypic variation, can be difficult to resolve phylogenetically when genetic change poorly matches the rapidity of diversification. Genomic potential furnished by palaeopolyploidy, and relative roles for adaptation, random drift and hybridisation in the apportionment of genetic variation, remain poorly understood factors. Here, we study these aspects in a model radiation, Syzygium, the most species-rich tree genus worldwide. Genomes of 182 distinct species and 58 unidentified taxa are compared against a chromosome-level reference genome of the sea apple, Syzygium grande. We show that while Syzygium shares an ancient genome doubling event with other Myrtales, little evidence exists for recent polyploidy events. Phylogenomics confirms that Syzygium originated in Australia-New Guinea and diversified in multiple migrations, eastward to the Pacific and westward to India and Africa, in bursts of speciation visible as poorly resolved branches on phylogenies. Furthermore, some sublineages demonstrate genomic clines that recapitulate cladogenetic events, suggesting that stepwise geographic speciation, a neutral process, has been important in Syzygium diversification.Peer reviewe

Genomic insights into rapid speciation within the world's largest tree genus Syzygium

Acknowledgements Y.W.L. was supported by a postgraduate scholarship research grant from the Ministry of National Development, Singapore awarded through the National Parks Board, Singapore (NParks; NParks’ Garden City Fund). Principal research funding from NParks and the School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, is acknowledged. We thank Peter Preiser, Associate Vice President for Biomedical and Life Sciences, for facilitating NTU support, and Kenneth Er, CEO of NParks, for facilitating research funding through that organisation. V.A.A. and C.L. were funded by SBS, NTU for a one-year research leave. V.A.A. and C.L. also acknowledge support from the United States National Science Foundation (grants 2030871 and 1854550, respectively). S.R. was supported by a postdoctoral research fellowship under the NTU Strategic Plant Programme. S.R. and N.R.W.C. acknowledge funding from NTU start-up and the Academy of Finland (decisions 318288, 319947) grants to J.S. Fieldwork conducted by Y.W.L. was supported by an Indonesian Government RISTEK research permit (Application ID: 1517217008) and an Access License from the Sabah State government [JKM/MBS.1000-2/2JLD.7(84)]. T.N.C.V. is grateful to the Assemblée de la Province Nord and Assemblée de la Province Sud (New Caledonia) for facilitating relevant collection permits. A.N. was partly supported by the Research Project Promotion Grant (Strategic Research Grant No. 17SP01302) from the University of the Ryukyus, and partly by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (JPMEERF20204003) from the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan. Fieldwork in Fiji conducted by R.B. was hosted and facilitated by Elina Nabubuniyaka-Young (The Pacific Community’s Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees, Fiji). We thank the NTU-Smithsonian Partnership for tree data obtained for the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (BTNR) long-term forest dynamics plots. Administrative support provided by Mui Hwang Khoo-Woon and Peter Ang at the molecular laboratory of the Singapore Botanic Gardens (SBG) is acknowledged. Rosie Woods and Imalka Kahandawala (DNA and Tissue Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) facilitated additional DNA samples. Daniel Thomas (SBG) and Yan Yu (Sichuan University) commented on biogeographical analyses. NovogeneAIT in Singapore is acknowledged for personalised sequencing service.Peer reviewedPublisher PD