Consistent avoidance of human disturbance over large geographical distances by a migratory bird

Recent work on animal personalities has demonstrated that individuals may show consistent behaviour across situations and contexts. These studies were often carried out in one location and/or during short time intervals. Many animals, however, migrate and spend their life in several geographically distinct locations, and they may either adopt behaviours specific to the local environment or keep consistent behaviours over ecologically distinct locations. Long-distance migratory species offer excellent opportunities to test whether the animals maintain their personalities over large geographical scale, although the practical difficulties associated with these studies have hampered such tests. Here, we demonstrate for the first time consistency in disturbance tolerance behaviour in a long-distance migratory bird, using the common crane Grus grus as an ecological model species. Cranes that hatched in undisturbed habitats in Finland choose undisturbed migratory stop-over sites in Hungary, 1300–2000 km away from their breeding ground. This is remarkable, because these sites are not only separated by large distances, they also differ ecologically: the breeding sites are wooded bogs and subarctic tundra, whereas the migratory stop-over sites are temperate zone alkaline grasslands. The significance of our study goes beyond evolutionary biology and behavioural ecology: local effects on behaviour may carry over large distances, and this hitherto hidden implication of habitat selection needs to be incorporated into conservation planning

Different Types of Door-Opening Motions as Contributing Factors to Containment Failures in Hospital Isolation Rooms

10.1371/journal.pone.0066663PLoS ONE86-POLN

Mastectomy versus radiotherapy as treatment for stage I-II breast cancer: A prospective randomized trial at the National Cancer Institute

In 1979, the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland initiated a randomized, prospective trial to compare surgery versus radiation therapy in the treatment of stages I and II breast cancer. Surgical treatment consists of total mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection (modified radical mastectomy) and breast reconstruction; radiation treatment consists of gross tumor excision, axillary lymph node dissection, and comprehensive irradiation including a boost dose to the tumor bed. All patients with pathologically positive axillary nodes receive 11 cycles of adjuvant Adriamycin ® /Cytoxan ® chemotherapy. As of December 1984, there have been 175 patients entered in the study. Twenty-three patients have developed disease recurrence (12 mastectomy, 11 radiation), but it is too early to obtain definitive treatment-related results. En 1979 l'Institut National du Cancer de Bethesda a lancé une étude prospective randomisée permettant de comparer les résultats respectifs de la chirurgie et de la radiothérapie en ce qui concerne les stades I et II du cancer du sein. Le traitement chirurgical consiste en la mastectomie totale complétée par le curage ganglionnaire axillaire (mastectomie totale modifiée); le traitement dit radiothérapique consiste en l'exérèse large de la tumeur associée au curage ganglionnaire axillaire et à l'administration d'une dose élevée de rayons au niveau du lit tumoral. Toutes les opérées dont les ganglions sont envahis reçoivent en outre 11 cycles d'une combinaison d'Adriamycine et Cytoxan. De 1979 à Décembre 1984, 175 malades ont fait l'objet de cette étude. Vingt-trois ont accusé une récidive (12 après mastectomie et 11 après traitement dit radiothérapique) mais il est encore trop tôt pour tirer des conclusions définitives de ces résultats. El Instituto Nacional de Cáncer de Bethesda inició en 1979 un ensayo prospectivo y aleatorio orientado a comparar el tratamiento quirúrgico versus radioterapia en el manejo del cáncer mamario en estados I y II. El tratamiento quirúrgico consistió de mastectomía total con disección ganglionar axilar (mastectomía radical modificada) y reconstrucción mamaria; el manejo radioterapéutico consistió de resección del tumor, disección de los ganglios linfáticos axilares e irradiación comprensiva incluyendo una dosis de refuerzo al lecho tumoral. Todos los pacientes con ganglios axilares histológicamente positivos recibieron 11 ciclos de quimioterapia adyuvante con Adriamicina/Citoxán. Hasta diciembre de 1984, 175 pacientes habían entrado al estudio. Veintitrés pacientes han desarrollado recurrencia de la enfermedad (12 mastectomía, 11 irradiación), pero es todavía muy temprano para derivar resultados definitivos.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41319/1/268_2005_Article_BF01655179.pd

Impact of room airflow interaction on metabolic CO₂ exposure

CFD simulations were performed to investigate occupants’ exposure to metabolic CO2 in a room with mechanical ventilation. A meeting room occupied by six adult people performing sedentary activity was simulated. Five of the six occupants were simulated to exhale air with realistic CO2 content, while one occupant was inhaling, i.e. the exposed occupant. Both exhalation and inhalation were simulated with constant flow rates. Two air distribution patterns were considered, mixing and displacement air distribution, each was combined with chilled ceiling, as summer conditions were simulated. For both air distribution patterns, the influence of solar gain of 200 W, which was simulated as heated vertical surface (window), and the distance between the occupants facing each other were studied. The simulation results revealed the importance of buoyancy flows generated by heated vertical surfaces for the pollution distribution. It was found out that compared to the case without solar heat gain, the presence of solar gain increased the inhaled CO2 level by 26.9 % in the case of displacement ventilation, while it reduced the exposure by 4.5 % when the outdoor air was distributed by mixing ventilation. The distance between the occupants facing each other did not affect considerably the exposure