Impact of Water Injection System on Diesel Engine Brake Power and Exhaust Emissions

A series of experiments were carried out to study and clarify the effect of Water Injection system (WI) on diesel engine performance and exhaust gas emissions (Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide, and Carbon Monoxide). The results obtained showed that, water injection increases the power output of the engine. Adding water to the incoming air allows for greater charge density. The water absorbs a large amount of heat as it vaporizes, thus reducing peak temperature and Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) emissions. WI also decreases the emissions of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2); the presence of water converts some of SO2 gas into sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Similarly, WI system was found to decrease the emissions of Carbon Monoxide (CO)

The holographic c-theorem and infinite-dimensional Lie algebras

We discuss a non-dynamical theory of gravity in three-dimensions which is based on an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra that is closely related to an infinite-dimensional extended AdS algebra. We find an intriguing connection between on the one hand higher-derivative gravity theories that are consistent with the holographic c-theorem and on the other hand truncations of this infinite-dimensional Lie algebra that violate the Lie algebra structure. We show that in three dimensions different truncations reproduce, up to terms that do not contribute to the c-theorem, Chern-Simons-like gravity models describing extended 3D massive gravity theories. Performing the same procedure with similar truncations in dimensions larger than or equal to four reproduces higher derivative gravity models that are known in the literature to be consistent with the c-theorem but do not have an obvious connection to massive gravity like in three dimensions.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure, v2: Typos Corrected, Reference Added, Version appeared in JHE

Study the Effect of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract on ‎Induce Experimental Brain Poisoning in Rabbits

   ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺼُﻤّﻤّﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ العلاجي ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎ  Ginkgo biloba ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩ ﻟﻠجهاز العصبي ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺯﺌﺒﻕ . ﻗﺴﻤﺕ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ اربعة ﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺕ ﻜﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻭﻤﻠـﺕ ﺒـﺎﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤـﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ، وﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﻁﻴﺕ كلوريد الزئبق ﻓﻤﻭﻴﺎﹶ بجرعة 0,12 ملغم/ ﻜﻐﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ سبعة ﺍﻴﺎﻡ,  والمجموعه ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ اعطيت كلوريد الزئبق فمويا ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋﺔ 0,12 ملغم/ ﻜﻐﻡ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻴﺎﻡ ﺜﻡ ﺤﻘﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺘﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻜﺔ ﻭﻟﻤﺩﺓ 25 ﻴﻭﻡ بتركيز 250 ملغم/ﻜﻐﻡ / ﻴﻭﻡ ، ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﺍعطيت ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟرابعه ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻴﺎﻡ ﺜﻡ ﺤﻘﻨﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻜﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ 500 ملغم /ﻜﻐﻡ /ﻴﻭﻡ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺘﻭﻨﻲ . عوملت ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎﹶ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ  وﺒﻌﺩ 24 ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﻁـﺎﺓ ﺸﺭﺤﺕ الحيوانات ﻭﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ. ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ نسيج ﺍﻟدماغ . وأدت ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻜﺔ الى ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻭنسيج ﺍﻟدماغ.   The current study was designed to investigate the therapeutic role of the water extract of leaves of ginkgo biloba plant against the acute poisoning of the nervous system caused by exposure to mercury. Experimental animals were divided into four groups. The first group was treated as a control group treated with physiological saline solution. The second group was given mercury chloride at 0.12 mg / kg . bw for seven days. The third group was given mercury chloride orally at 0.12 mg / Kg for five days and then injected under the peritoneal membrane with water extract for leaves of ginkgo plant for 25 days at a concentration of 250 mg / kg / day, while The fourth group gave mercury chloride for five days and then injected with the water extract of the leaves of the ginkgo plant at a concentration of 500 mg / kg / day under the peritoneal membrane. All groups were treated daily according to prescribed doses and 24 hours after the last given dose, the animals were explained and the study criteria were met. Mercury treatment caused obvious tissue changes in brain tissue. The treatment with water extract of leaves of the ginkgo plant led to improvement in brain cells and tissues

Low energy consumption in manet network

The aim of this paper is design and develop energy efficient MANET network in wireless networks. One of the most significant and effective protocol based on low energy consumption and number of Ad-hoc is MANET as remote directing convention source nodes forward in network simulator. Less number of nodes in the network would give low energy usage or consumption as the nodes in the network exceeds or increases that will also increase the energy consumption in the network. The designed MANET system is tried with 9, 12, 15 and 18 number of nodes in a system using network simulation-2 (NS-2). Henceforth source node needs to restart over and over which brings about low energy consumption use and use, ectiveness is less and packet space is additionally less and throughput is likewise less and more start to finish delay. Arrangement of this issue in MANET convention which is advanced as the node doesn't advance when demand arrived at their first it checked there is low energy consumption (battery lifetime) and until the node energy consumption is more noteworthy than the limit. Designed MANET examinations of the energy consumption and node energy consumption by maintaining a strategic distance from the low number of nodes in a network. By contrasting energy consumption and node it demonstrates that MANET is far superior to existing framework 802.11 protocol convention based on battery lifetime, energy consumption, throughput, and power transmission. We have performed a comparison between EEM and AODV routing protocol considering different measuring parameters

Malaria and pre-eclampsia in an area with unstable malaria transmission in Central Sudan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Placental malaria and pre-eclampsia occur frequently in women in tropics and are leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidities and mortality. Few data exist concerning the interaction between placental malaria and pre-eclampsia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A case control study was conducted in Medani Hospital, which locates in an area of unstable malaria transmission in Central Sudan. Case (N = 143) were women with pre-eclampsia, which was defined as systolic blood presure≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg and proteinuria. Controls were parturient women (N = 143) without any blood pressure values > 139/89 mm Hg or proteinuria. Obstetrical and medical characteristics were gathered from both groups through structured questionnaires. Placental histopathology examinations for malaria were performed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty-eight (19.6%) vs. 16 (11.2%); <it>P </it>= 0.04 of the cases vs. controls, had placental malaria infections. Five (2%), 1 (2%) and 22 (28.0%) vs. 1, 2 and 13 of the placentae showed acute, chronic and past infection on histopathology examination in the two groups respectively, while 115 (80.4%) vs.127 (88.8%) of them showed no infection, <it>P </it>= 0.04. In multivariate analysis, while there were no associations between age, parity, educational level, lack of antenatal care, blood groups and body mass index and pre-eclampsia; family history of hypertension and placental malaria (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.0-5.2; <it>P </it>= 0.04) were significantly associated with pre-eclampsia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Placental malaria was associated with pre-eclampsia. Further research is needed.</p

Potential Anti-Tuberculosis Activity of the Extracts and Their Active Components of Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. and Perr. with Special Emphasis on Polyphenols

In Sudanese traditional medicine, decoctions of the stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpa are used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). However, this plant has not been investigated before for its antimycobacterial effects. Our screening results show, for the first time, that many extracts of various parts of A. leiocarpa exhibit growth inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged between 625 and 5000 µg/mL, with an ethyl acetate extract of the root showing the lowest MIC value. The good antimycobacterial effects of the root part could be due to its high concentration of ellagic acid derivatives, ellagitannins, and flavonoids. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) fractionation resulted in some fractions with better activity than the starting point crude methanol extract (MIC 2500 µg/mL). Those fractions with the lowest MIC values contained a high number of antioxidant compounds. Fractions 3 and 4 (MIC 1500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively) contained high concentrations of di-methyl ellagic acid ([M-H]− 329.0318). Fraction 6 (MIC 2000 µg/mL) contained a lower concentration of di-methyl ellagic acid and was not as growth inhibitory as fractions 3 and 4. Moreover, in fraction 3, an acetylated ellagic acid derivative ([M-H]− 343.0477) and di-methyl-ellagic acid xyloside ([M-H]− 461.0739) were tentatively characterized. Di-methyl ellagic acid xyloside was also present in fraction 4 and could strongly contribute to the antimycobacterial effect of this fraction. Additionally, protocatechuic acid ([M-H]− at m/z 153.0196) was present in fraction 4. Our antimycobacterial results obtained from this research justify the use of A. leiocarpa in Sudanese folk medicine against cough related to TB. Roots, stem bark, and leaves of A. leiocarpa are sources for new potent anti-TB drug lead compounds

Potential Anti-Tuberculosis Activity of the Extracts and Their Active Components of Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. and Perr. with Special Emphasis on Polyphenols

In Sudanese traditional medicine, decoctions of the stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpa are used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). However, this plant has not been investigated before for its antimycobacterial effects. Our screening results show, for the first time, that many extracts of various parts of A. leiocarpa exhibit growth inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged between 625 and 5000 µg/mL, with an ethyl acetate extract of the root showing the lowest MIC value. The good antimycobacterial effects of the root part could be due to its high concentration of ellagic acid derivatives, ellagitannins, and flavonoids. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) fractionation resulted in some fractions with better activity than the starting point crude methanol extract (MIC 2500 µg/mL). Those fractions with the lowest MIC values contained a high number of antioxidant compounds. Fractions 3 and 4 (MIC 1500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively) contained high concentrations of di-methyl ellagic acid ([M-H]− 329.0318). Fraction 6 (MIC 2000 µg/mL) contained a lower concentration of di-methyl ellagic acid and was not as growth inhibitory as fractions 3 and 4. Moreover, in fraction 3, an acetylated ellagic acid derivative ([M-H]− 343.0477) and di-methyl-ellagic acid xyloside ([M-H]− 461.0739) were tentatively characterized. Di-methyl ellagic acid xyloside was also present in fraction 4 and could strongly contribute to the antimycobacterial effect of this fraction. Additionally, protocatechuic acid ([M-H]− at m/z 153.0196) was present in fraction 4. Our antimycobacterial results obtained from this research justify the use of A. leiocarpa in Sudanese folk medicine against cough related to TB. Roots, stem bark, and leaves of A. leiocarpa are sources for new potent anti-TB drug lead compounds

Breast cancer: detection markers, prognosis, and prevention

Breast cancer is the common invasive cancer with high mortality worldwide. High incidence of breast cancer in South and central America, Southren, Northren, Westren Europe, Ocenia and North America. Lowest breast cancer incidence in Africa and Asia. Risk factors includes: female sex old age, lifestyle, oralcontraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1orBRCA2.alcohol intake, hereditary factors, and exposure to chemicals. Breast cancer occurs because of an interaction between external factor and genetically susceptible host. Frequent symptoms of breast cancer is typically a lump and lumps found in the lymph node in the armpits. Diagnosis by physical examination of the breast and mammography. Further tests include histopathological examination, breast cells grading by TNM systeme.g., Zero stage a precancerous or marker condition, stage 1- 3 within the breast and regional nodes, and stage four is metastatic stage. Management of breast cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and age of the patient. Usually treated with surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both. A multidisciplinary approach is preferable. Metastatic cancer has less favorable prognosis. Prognosis is usually the probability of progression-free survival(PFS) or disease free survival(DFS).Prevention include change in life style, maintaining healthy weight, less alcohol consumption, and intake of marine omega-3 and soy-based foods Prophylactic mastectomy(removal of both breasts) helps in people with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Early detection of breast cancer has better prognosis