Inventories and sales uncertainty

We investigate the empirical linkages between sales uncertainty and firms' inventory investment behavior while controlling for firms' financial strength. Using large panels of manufacturing firms from several European countries we find that higher sales uncertainty leads to larger stocks of inventories. We also identify an indirect effect of sales uncertainty on inventory accumulation through the financial strength of firms. Our results provide evidence that financial strength mitigates the adverse effects of uncertainty.inventory investment, uncertainty, financial constraints

Inventories and sales uncertainty

We investigate the empirical linkages between sales uncertainty and firms’ inventory investment behavior while controlling for firms’ financial strength. Using large panels of manufacturing firms from several European countries we find that higher sales uncertainty leads to larger stocks of inventories. We also identify an indirect effect of sales uncertainty on inventory accumulation through the financial strength of .rms. Our results provide evidence that financial strength mitigates the adverse effects of uncertainty.inventory investment, uncertainty, financial constraints.

Do malaria preventive interventions reach the poor? Socioeconomic inequities in expenditure on and use of mosquito control tools in Sudan.

OBJECTIVES: To determine levels of socioeconomic inequities in the prevention of malaria, and to examine the implications of the findings for improving the equitable control of malaria in the Sudan. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was administered to 720 randomly selected householders from six localities in Gezira and Khartoum States. A socioeconomic status (SES) index, which was developed using principal components analysis, was used to examine socioeconomic inequity in the prevention of malaria. FINDINGS: Socioeconomic status was positively related to expenditures and use of vector control tools. The poorest households spent the least amounts of money to prevent malaria and were the least likely to own mosquito nets. CONCLUSION: The inequity in the prevention of malaria in the study areas has to be redressed before malaria can be effectively controlled in Sudan. Malaria control managers should continually determine the extent to which malaria preventive tools reach the poorest socioeconomic groups, and fashion strategies that will ensure that equity is always maintained

Social Profile of Elderly In Al -Gadarif Region in Eastern Sudan: 2014-2015.

Population ageing is a current phenomenon that occurs worldwide due to improved standard of life and health care and services in most of the world countries. In recognition of this phenomenon, geriatric education was recently introduced as part of medical and health sciences. The overall objective of the study to assess the health status and factors affect the health of elderly 65 years and above in El Gadarif region (locality) in Eastern Sudan. This was descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in ElGedarif region. Data were collected by using standardized interview questionnaire for 388 participants. Statistics analysis was done using SPSS and chi-square test. The survey findings showed that 8.4% of the participants of the survey required assistance on eating, 9.5% , on bathing, 8.8%on dressing, while 46.4% required assistance on shopping, and 25% on taking medication. The findings also showed that 45.6% of the participants spent time watching T.V, 44.6% listening to radio, 48.4% engaging in interpersonal communication, and 14.8% reading. Chi-square results for testing significant relationship between taking medication and hypertension showed (P Value 0.06), the equivalent results between chronic disease and assistance in shopping was P value=0.000, between health status and exercise sports was ( p-value 0.000)and between Exercise Sports and sufficient sleep was ( P Value: 0.0). The results of the study reflected the very crucial role of the family in supporting the elderly in El Gadarif region, and showed that most of the participants were able to practice their daily life (routine) activities by themselves

INFLUENCE OF DRUG SOLUBILITY AND POLYMERS SUPPLY SOURCE ON THE PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE OF MATRIX TABLETS

Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the possible effects of drug solubility and commercial supply sources of HPMC and PVP on physical properties of matrix tablets. Methods: Two different supply sources (A and B) for Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as matrix forming polymer and Polyvinyl Pyrrilidone (PVP) as matrix supportive polymer were used with either Chlorphenaramine maleate (CPM), as a water soluble drug or Atenolol (ATN), as a water insoluble drug, to produce a series of matrix formulations using direct compression according to a 23 full factorial design. Matrices were then qualified for friability, hardness, and drug release attributes. Results: Matrix hardness and friability properties demonstrated to be influenced by PVP supply source as an individual factor alone or in combination with drug solubility factor, moreover, both properties were found to be less affected by drug solubility and HPMC supply source, as individual factors. Compared to other factors, drug solubility was found to have a substantial influence on drug dissolution efficiency (DE) and diffusion exponent of the drug release (n) of different matrices. Conclusion: Variation in commercial PVP supply source and drug solubility could possibly result in matrices with different physical performance

Covid-19 disease effect on diabetic foot ulcer management, a big challenge in its management: A case report & literature review

Covid-19, which is now pandemic in countries around the world, including Iran. It has shown to cause hypoxia, which can lead to impaired wound healing. In positive covid-19 patients, the patient and his companion’s do not usually do appropriate washing of wounds. In addition, economic issues such as procurement and mask of personnel exposed to the patients with covid-19 disease are also an issue. In this article, Corona suspicious patient presented with a diabetic foot and required hospital admission. As such a patient with specific condition suspicion was required to admit, we needed to create a guideline for him and for upcoming similar cases. The patient was a 74-year-old diabetic man who did not respond to debridement. So the patient underwent below-knee amputation, which ended up to above the knee amputation due to a Klebsiella infection and failure to respond to non-invasive treatment of wound infection of stump of below-knee amputation and the patient's condition. The question is whether Corona- related hypoxia has exposed the patient to nosocomial infection, or the patient's lack of self-control at home as well as the medical staff lack of care due to fear of corona was the reason? In the period of the patient was under treatment, there was no significant complaint of shortness of breath. Conclusion: in patent with diabetic foot and covid-19 suspicion _ especially in critically ill patient may benefit from aggressive approach such as early major amputation because of cost-benefit and minimizing covid-19 risk must consider. &nbsp

Microstructural analysis for Sn-Bi-Sb-In alloy prepared by rapid solidification

In the present study, Sn70-X at.% -Bi15 at.% -Sb15 at.%- Inx at.% alloy ( x= 0, 2, 4, 6), were prepared by melt spinning technique. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Vickers microhardness (Hv); were used to characterize the phase transformation and the microstructure evolution. The results contribute to the understanding of the microstructure evolution in alloys of the type prepared by melt spinning technique. This work reports on a comparative study of the rapidly solidified, in order to compare the microhardness and microstructural analysis

Prevalence of Human T- cell Lymphoma/Leukaemia Virus among Sudanese Blood Donors in Wad Medani, Sudan

Abstract: Background: HTLV type I/II is a blood borne infection that can be transmitted via blood transfusion. Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of human T – lymphotropic virus among blood donors in Wad Medani Central Blood Bank, Sudan. Methods: A total of 540 serum samples were collected from blood donors who visited the Wad Medani Central Blood Bank from January to July 2013. These sera were screened by ELISA for the determination of antibodies to T- Human Cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1/11.  Results: Only one out of 540 (0.2%) samples was found to be positive for HTLV-I/II while 539 (96.4%) samples were negative. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HTLV-I/II among the blood donors in Wad Medani Central Blood Bank was found to be very low, 0.20%. Therefore, there is no need for routine screening of blood donors for this virus. The introduction of these extra serological tests to the tests that already were carried out may have an extra financial burden, but because of the seriousness of the diseases that were caused by this virus, these tests should be carried out

Metallographic study of Sn-Bi-Sb-In alloy prepared by rapid solidification

Sn70-X at.% -Bi15 at.% -Sb15 at.%- Inx at.%  alloy ribbons were produced using melt-spinning technique. The surfaces were characterized with Optical Microscopy. Also, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The results contribute to the understanding of the microstructure evolution in alloys of this type prepared by melt spinning technique. Microscopy can give information concerning a materials composition, previous treatment and properties. Particular features of interest are grain size, phases present, Chemical homogeneity, distribution of phases and, elongated structures formed by melt spinning technique