Patterns of education in Tanzania : an analysis with special reference to primary and community education

This thesis is based on research carried out from January to June 1984 in Tanzania, mainly in the Central Zone regions of Singida and Dodoma, and in Britain. The primary aim of the text is to analyse the development of Tanzanian education with a view to an assessment, in context, of the primary sector, and especially the implementation of the Community School Programme. The core of the research is on primary schools, those institutions in which the whole process of education for the new national ideals must take place. The main policy concern of education in Tanzania is to make schools serve economic, social and human development and be increasingly integrated into the community, national and local.The basic premis of this study is that educational policy in Tanzania has been greatly influenced by: the literature and field of 'Community Education' in developed countries; international connections with Socialist countries; traditions of indigenous education and society; particular Mission and colonial involvements in the country; exposure to international bodies such as UNESCO and allied organizations; the political philosophy of education for self-reliance.These influences have been fully explained in Parts A, B and C of the thesis. How these principles are actually being carried out in Tanzanian primary schools has been the concern of Part D of the thesis. What has been espoused here is that the effective implementation of Tanzanian education policy is yet to be achieved. There has been a severe quantity-quality trade off occurring in primary education due mainly to financial, manpower and material constraints. Where planning has preceded political decisions, large measures of success have been achieved, but in general, political expediency and haste have created substantial divergency between policy and practice. Unevenness in the modernization process has produced enormous gaps between rural societies that are still traditional and urban societies that have become largely modern. The resulting differences in the human conditions between these two societies lie at the root of some of the most serious and hazardous problems of national well­ being now facing the peoples of Tanzania.For practical implementation of community based education policy, a reconciliation of the above influences is a necessary process which requires the co-operation and fullest support within the relevant local and international contexts

Post-treatment of Distillery Wastewater after UASB using Aerobic Techniques

The treatment of high-strength wastewater from a distillery using grape-based feedstock was conducted throughsequencing the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and the aerobically-activated sludge reactors. Theperformance of the UASB system was evaluated at the end of a period of 33 days in terms of the final chemicaloxygen demand (COD) removal. Final COD removal efficiency of up to 88.7% was achieved. The effect of varyingthe volumetric loading rates on COD removal was evaluated for the two experimental runs. For run I (undiluted),the volumetric loading rates ranged from 4.06 to 18.90 kg COD/m3.day and the maximum COD removal achievedby the reactor was 57.1%. For experimental run II (diluted), the loading rates ranged between 3.60 to 8.20 kgCOD/m3.day, with the reactor achieving 88.7% COD removal. Post-treatment of the effluent using the aerobicallyactivatedsludge reactor further improved the overall COD removal in run II to 96.5% and also reduced thephosphorous in the effluent to a final value of approximately 20 mg/L. These experimental results indicate thatsequential treatment of the distillery wastewater using UASB followed by aerobically-activated sludge treatment isan efficient system that makes the final effluent compliant with the requirements of environmental legislation

Career Management for Early Career Scientists in Developing Countries--A South African Experience

This paper discusses career development and options for growth for young scientists in developing countries. We also identify and address some of the common challenges early career scientists face, and apply key principles learned from years of research and experience in the South African context as a basis for our discussion. Early career scientists are more likely to succeed in their career if they understand from the start what they need to do in order to grow to the next level and ultimately to the pinnacle of their careers. Strategically, planning one’s individual career development is critical to success in the science environment as is the case in any other discipline or domain. The development of early career scientists through their career ladder is determined by a number of factors, many of which are within the control of early career scientists. These factors include qualifications, publication track record, attracting research funding, contribution to student training and staff development, leadership in science, and research impact. The contribution of this basket of measures to development of a career in science is critical for development to certain milestones in one’s career. One of the most critical transitions many research scientists have to make is the move from specialist to manager. Expedient promotion of early career scientists to senior management roles without an adequate track record, experience or proper training can be frustrating for both the manager and those under his/her management responsibility. Regardless of the career path one chooses, a solid foundation in research with a good track record of research outputs, funding and the impact of one’s research are crucial to one’s development along either the researcher career ladder or research management career path

A Fuzzy – Based Methodology for Aggregative Waste Minimization in the Wine Industry

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Adherence of healthcare practitioners to the adolescent reproductive health and development policy at The Garissa Provincial General Hospital, Kenya

Background: Kenya’s policies relating to population, family planning (FP) and reproductive health (RH) receive weak/fluctuating levels of adherence. The Adolescent Reproductive Health and Development  (ARH&D) policy gives directives and actions to follow in meeting identified ends and goals in the  reproductive and developmental needs of the youth- majority of Kenya’s population (Ministry of  Health-Youth Friendly Services (MOH-YFS), National Coordination Agency for Population and Development(NCAPD), 2011).Objective: To evaluate adherence of healthcare practitioners (HCPs) to the Adolescent Reproductive Health and Development (ARH&D) policy at the Garissa Provincial General Hospital, Kenya (GPGH).Design: A cross sectional study.Setting: Garissa Provincial General Hospital, Kenya.Subjects: Comprised of 172 Healthcare practitioners (HCPs), including 88 nurses, 14 doctors and 17  clinical officers (COs) and 53 adolescent clients.Results: The HCP policy utilisation rate of the ARH&D which was 62.2% was influenced by religious  affiliation, age, frequency of supervision. Adolescent client satisfaction level was about 34%. Severity of infibulations has reduced in severity among the Somali people. Consanguineous marriages of under-age girls, drug addiction, poverty, HIV and AIDS and FP stigmatisation are still high in North Eastern Province.Conclusion: Adherence to the ARH&D policy was about 62% at the GPGH. There was no ideal set up for YFS. The adolescent satisfaction low was at about 34%. Infibulation has reduced. There were  shortcomings with the HCP characteristics, facility deficits, and service management hurdles

Fate, behaviour, and implications of ZnO nanoparticles in a simulated wastewater treatment plant

Increased use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) has resulted in their entry into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as their final sinks. However, the adverse impact of ENPs on the bacterial activity in the activated sludge WWTPs is not yet well understood, despite their increased release into such systems. In this study, the impacts on WWTPS associated with the disposal of zinc oxide (ZnO) ENPs was investigated using a simulated WWTP developed as per the prescribed Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 303A) specifications. Analyses were done to determine zinc concentrations at various stages of the setup, mainly in the raw wastewater and treated effluent, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results obtained indicated low levels of zinc residue (about 50–200 μg/L) in the treated effluent compared to relatively high concentrations of Zn in the sludge (about 3 000 mg/kg). Results reported herein imply precipitation of ZnO ENPs during wastewater treatment processes and hence its high levels in the sludge. The presence of solid Zn in the sludge was determined using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Overall, no significant impact of ZnO ENPs on the performance of the simulated WWTP was observed, in terms of the removal levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD) during the treatment processKeywords: wastewater, activated sludge, nanoparticles, zinc oxide, OECD 303

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA: CASE OF MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY OF KENYA.

The model of strategic management practices is becoming a vital component of enactment in higher education learning institutions. Over the past years, the sector has witnessed tremendous development all over the world. Due to this development most of the public universities are facing numerous changes and challenges in the course of their operations. The general objective of this study was to examine the influences of strategic management practices on performance of public universities, case study of Multimedia University of Kenya. The specific objectives for the study were to establish the influence of strategic leadership, human resources strategy, technology strategy, innovation strategy and strategic financial management on performance of Multimedia University of Kenya. The findings in this study will be of great significance to government agencies, researchers and academicians in laying a foundation for strategic management and as a reservoir for future references. Resource – based theory, Blue ocean theory and Knowledge – based theory are the theories the researcher used to explain and describe the research problem. The study adopted a purely quantitative research approach aided by case study research designs. The target population was 450 staff in the University. The sample size for the study was 82 respondents. This was achieved through stratified random sampling technique. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. The data generation instrument was administered to the respondents using drop and pick method. Descriptive statistics tools were used to summarize, organize, interpret and present data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to analyze data. Data was presented using graphs, pie charts and tables. The regression model was used to find the relationship between the study dependent and independent variables. The findings on the study indicated that from the sample size of 82 participants who were issued with questionnaires; 60 participants filled their questionnaires and returned them. This indicated a 73.2 % response rate which was excellent for data analysis and reporting. This study established that the university leadership to a greater extent played a very key role in providing the strategic direction towards achieving the vision of the institution. Findings indicate that leaders have provided clear guidelines on organizational control and budgetary matters. Further, the study found that there are strategic leadership factors that have influenced performance of the university. These include: - competence and skills, team performance, empowering of employees, excellent coordination and commanding, recruitment of highly qualified and experienced employees and on – going training programs aimed at improving the employees‟ skills and knowledge. In addition, the study established that there is an increased access to technology. This is seen in the university‟s integration of technology in its operations, that is, in teaching, research and marketing leading to improved strategic performance of the university. Moreover, the study indicated that strategic innovation influenced the institution‟s performance by producing improved market position which signifies competitive advantage and improved performance. The researcher recommends that universities should put up mechanisms to improve their current leadership skills, that is, they should strive and embark on the formulation and enactment of strategic management practices in all areas of their operations that they remain relevant and remain in a competitive advantageous position

Injection safety knowledge and practices among clinical health care workers in Garissa provincial general hospital

Background: The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 16 billion injections are administered in developing countries annually. Injection safety is therefore critical in preventing occupational exposure and infection from blood borne pathogens, hence prevention is a vital part of any comprehensive plan for protecting health workers, patients and maintaining a safe environment.Objective: To determine the knowledge and practice of injection safety among clinical healthcare workers at the Garissa Provincial General Hospital.Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study.Setting: The Garissa provincial General Hospital from September 2011 to July 2012.Results: Injection safety knowledge was high with a score of 12.65 (SD ± 2.3) out of the total of 16 items. Appropriate injection safety practices were reported by most of the respondents. The level of knowledge was not significantly associated with respondents’ demographic characteristics(p>0.05), but was significantly associated with hand washing practice(p<0.05).Inferences were made on an appropriate injection safety practices like non-recapping of needles, hand washing and proper waste management. Drug administration practice varied in the different departments (p=0.043) and recapping of needles was significantly associated with training (p=0.047), designation (p=0.02) and area of deployment (p=0.017).Conclusion: Knowledge on injection safety was high but reported and observed practices were below the set standard. Risky practices such as recapping used syringes, re-use of disposable syringes and overfilling of sharp boxes were observed. There was insufficient provision of injection safety equipment, Poor waste handling and inadequate personal protective gear. Over prescription of unnecessary injections was widespread