Recruitment dynamics of cognitive control in insomnia

Study Objectives Individuals with insomnia disorder (ID) commonly report complaints of cognitive control functioning. Conversely, both behavioral and neurological evidence supporting subjective cognitive control impairments in insomnia remain remarkably scarce and inconclusive. To investigate this discrepancy, the present study used next to behavioral measures, event-related potentials (ERPs) to assess proactive control and reactive control in insomnia. Methods Individuals with insomnia disorder (n = 18) and good sleeper controls (GSC; n = 15) completed the AX-Continuous Performance Task, while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. This task required participants to maintain specific cue-information active in order to prepare an adequate response to a subsequent probe, which allowed us to measure participants’ reliance on both proactive and reactive control. Results The results indicate that, although ID show a comparable level of performance as GSC, they show a reduced proactive engagement of cue-induced maintenance and response preparation processes (as reflected by the P3b and the contingent negative variation components). Moreover, in contrast to GSC, ID fail to engage reactive control (as indexed by the P3a component) in order to overcome invalid response tendencies. Conclusions This study provides neurological evidence for impairments in cognitive control functioning in insomnia. As such, our study contributes to a better understanding of the discrepancy between the commonly reported cognitive impairments in insomnia and the scarce objective evidence supporting these cognitive complaints

Membangun Knowledge Workers melalui Education Management dengan Keanekaragaman Kultur dalam Pasar Global

Education Management yang memberikan landasan know what, know why, know how, dan know who secara mendasar dapat menghasilkan lulusan yang berorientasi sebagai knowledge workers. Tanpa knowledge yang memadai mengenai budaya global yang beragam, dan knowledge yang memadai mengenai bagaimana cara berinteraksi dalam budaya global maka komunikasi lintas budaya global tidak akan mampu menghasilkan knowledge baru dan sekaligus peluang bisnis baru dalam pasar globa

Behavioral and neural dynamics of cognitive control in the context of rumination

Rumination is a characteristic feature of several clinical disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, insomnia disorder). Emerging evidence suggests that a reduced flexibility in the balance between proactive and reactive control might be related to trait rumination. This study aimed to investigate the proactive-reactive control balance in the context of trait rumination. In the current study, we investigated behavioral performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants were performing an AX- Continuous Performance Task, to evaluate whether a shift towards more reactive control (i.e., conflict monitoring and resolution) at the expense of proactive control (i.e., maintenance and updating of task-relevant information) is associated with increased trait rumination. Our behavioral results as well as our ERP results did not demonstrate that a shift towards more reactive control at the expense of proactive control was associated with increased trait rumination. Future research is needed to investigate the proactive-reactive control balance in the context of trait rumination. This study is the first to explore the recruitment dynamics of cognitive control using behavioral as well as electrophysiological measures in the context of rumination

Understanding the variability in the recruitment dynamics of cognitive control in rumination and insomnia

An intrinsic aspect of human cognition is its flexibility, enabling us to rapidly adapt our behavior in response to changing circumstances. This flexibility is thought to depend on specific cognitive control processes. The Dual Mechanisms of Control theory offers a framework for this flexibility and proposes that cognitive control reflects the dynamic interplay of proactive (i.e., sustained maintenance and updating of task-relevant information) and reactive (i.e., online interference monitoring and resolution) control. Although individuals with a high tendency to ruminate and individuals with insomnia disorder commonly report complaints of cognitive control functioning, behavioral and neurological evidence for these complaints remains surprisingly scarce and inconclusive (Chapter I). Using behavioral and electrophysiological measures, the studies of this dissertation showed that high trait rumination was not associated with a default shift towards more reactive control at the expense of proactive control (Chapter II). However, high trait rumination was primarily associated with an impaired performance to resolve proactive interference in a context requiring proactive control (Chapter III). Furthermore, using behavioral and electrophysiological measures, we observed that although individuals with insomnia disorder showed a comparable level of performance as good sleeper controls, they showed a reduced engagement of proactive control and also failed to engage reactive control to overcome invalid response tendencies (Chapter IV). Taken together, this dissertation provides empirical evidence for a decreased ability to flexibly adapt cognitive control in response to changing task contexts associated with high trait rumination and a disturbed balance in the engagement of cognitive control in insomnia. Finally, the broader significance and impact of the studies presented in this dissertation are discussed (Chapter V).status: publishe

Behavioral and neural dynamics of cognitive control in the context of rumination

Rumination is a characteristic feature of several clinical disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, insomnia disorder). Emerging evidence suggests that a reduced flexibility in the balance between proactive and reactive control might be related to trait rumination. This study aimed to investigate the proactive-reactive control balance in the context of trait rumination. In the current study, we investigated behavioral performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants were performing an AX- Continuous Performance Task, to evaluate whether a shift towards more reactive control (i.e., conflict monitoring and resolution) at the expense of proactive control (i.e., maintenance and updating of task-relevant information) is associated with increased trait rumination. Our behavioral results as well as our ERP results did not demonstrate that a shift towards more reactive control at the expense of proactive control was associated with increased trait rumination. Future research is needed to investigate the proactive-reactive control balance in the context of trait rumination. This study is the first to explore the recruitment dynamics of cognitive control using behavioral as well as electrophysiological measures in the context of rumination.status: publishe

Short- and Long-Term Effects of Conscious, Minimally Conscious and Unconscious Brand Logos

Unconsciously presented information can influence our behavior in an experimental context. However, whether these effects can be translated to a daily life context, such as advertising, is strongly debated. What hampers this translation is the widely accepted notion of the short-livedness of unconscious representations. The effect of unconscious information on behavior is assumed to rapidly vanish within a few hundreds of milliseconds. Using highly familiar brand logos (e.g., the logo of McDonald's) as subliminal and supraliminal primes in two priming experiments, we assessed whether these logos were able to elicit behavioral effects after a short (e.g., 350 ms), a medium (e.g., 1000 ms), and a long (e.g., 5000 ms) interval. Our results demonstrate that when real-life information is presented minimally consciously or even unconsciously, it can influence our subsequent behavior, even when more than five seconds pass between the presentation of the minimally conscious or unconscious information and the behavior on which it exerts its influence.status: publishe

Observed priming effects for Experiment 1.

<p>The observed priming effects (i.e., difference in RTs between the unrelated and related trials; in ms) as a function of SOA (i.e., 334 ms, 1000 ms or 5000 ms), nature of the target (i.e., brand or non-brand) and prime presentation (i.e., conscious or minimally conscious). Error bars represent the standard error.</p

Individual <b><i>d</i></b><b>′ values for Experiment 2.</b>

<p>Individual <i>d</i>′ values ordered by size (from small to large).</p

Experimental procedure.

<p>A trial started with the presentation of a fixation cross, followed by four random dot masks, and subsequently followed by a brand logo prime. In the minimally conscious version of the experiment (<b>A</b>), the logo prime was presented for 17 ms, followed by a blank and four masks. In the conscious version of the experiment (<b>B</b>), the logo prime was presented for 34 ms and followed by a blank only. SOAs in the minimally conscious and conscious version were always identical and were determined by the blank preceding the target. This blank could be presented for 200 ms, 868 ms or 4869 ms, leading to SOAs of 334 ms, 1000 ms and 5000 ms respectively.</p

Means (SD) of the median RTs (in ms) and mean error rates (in%) for the related and unrelated trials and the amount of priming (unrelated - related) as a function of nature of the target (brand target or non-brand target).

*<p><i>p</i><.05; ** <i>p</i><.01; *** <i>p</i> <.001.</p