Symbiotische Mikrobiota moduliert die neuronale Aktivität in der früh enstandenen Metazoa Hydra

Accumulating evidence indicates that symbiotic microbiota communicate with the host nervous system, thereby modulating its neuronal activity. This modulation is reflected in changes in behaviour and physiological processes that are under neuronal control. This communication has been mainly studied in vertebrate models, whose complexity hampers the complete understanding of this interaction. Therefore, the basic molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this communication are not completely understood yet. The fresh-water polyp Hydra is a suitable alternative model to study this communication. The presence of an anatomically simple but molecularly complex nerve net that coordinates several behaviours and physiological functions and the presence of a relatively simple and stable associated microbiota, make hydra an attractive model to study the causal effect of symbiotic bacteria and the host neuronal activity. Here we show that the feeding response and the spontaneous contractions of hydra’s body column, both actions that are under the control of the nerve net, are modulated by hydra symbiotic bacteria. Compared to animals harbouring undisturbed microbiota, germ-free animals display shorter feeding response duration. Similarly, germ-free polyps show reduced and less regular spontaneous contraction frequencies. The effects on contraction frequency were partially restored by reconstituting the natural microbiota. Moreover, soluble molecule(s) produced by symbiotic bacteria may be involved in contraction frequency modulation. Our findings suggest that the influence of bacteria on neuronal activity is the outcome of an evolutionary ancient interaction between bacteria and metazoans, opening a window into investigating the basic mechanisms of for example, dysmotility disorders in vertebrates.Es gibt zunehmende Beweise, dass die symbiotische Mikrobiota mit dem Nervensystems des Wirtsorganismus kommuniziert und dadurch die neuronale Aktivität des Wirtes modulieren kann. Als Ergebnis einer solchen Aktivitätsänderung kann zu Veränderungen im Verhalten oder von physiologischen Vorgängen des Wirtes kommen. Diese Verbindung wurde bisher primär in Wirbeltieren studiert, deren Komplexität das vollständige Verständnis dieser Interaktion allerdings erschwert. Folglich, sind die molekularen und zellularen Grundlagen der Kommunikation bis heute nicht vollends verstanden. Der Süßwasserpolyp Hydra eignet sich als Modell, um die Interaktion zwischen Wirt und Bakterien zu untersuchen. Die übersichtliche mikrobielle Diversität auf den Polypen, sowie das anatomisch einfache, jedoch molekular komplexe Nervensystem, das unterschiedliche physiologisch Prozesse und Verhaltensweisen koordiniert, machen Hydra zu einem attraktiven Modell, um die kausalen Effekte von symbiotischen Bakterien und neuronaler Aktivität des Wirts zu untersuchen. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass sowohl das Fressverhalten als auch die spontanen Kontraktionen der Körpersäule von Hydra, die unter der Kontrolle des Nervensystems stehen, von symbiotischen Bakterien reguliert werden. Im Vergleich zu Kontrolltieren mit ungestörter Mikrobiota, weisem keimfreie Polypen im Durchschnitt ein zeitlich verkürztes Fressverhalten auf. Darüberhinaus zeigen keimfreie Polypen eine stark reduzierte Häufigkeit der spontanen Kontraktionen. Die Häufigkeit konnte durch Hinzugabe der natürlichen Mikrobiota teilweise wiederhergestellt werden. Daher ist es wahrscheinlich, dass sezernierte Moleküle der symbiotischen Bakterien für die Regulation der Kontraktionen verantwortlich sind. Diese Ergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, dass der Einfluss von Bakterien auf die neuronale Aktivität das Ergebnis eines evolutionär uralten Zusammenspiels zwischen Bakterien und vielzelligen Tieren ist

Análisis del nivel de internacionalización de las empresas del sector alimentos cárnicos de la ganadería bovina en la ciudad de Bucaramanga para el periodo 2012- 2017

The fieldwork carried out frames a descriptive methodology with a qualitative and quantitative approach, which allowed us to demonstrate the status of beef marketers in the city of Bucaramanga, observing through important factors, how some of the tools intervene externally and internally when exporting. In this way, the research document was developed in three parts, diagnosis, analysis and classification of companies, taking into account the classification of beef marketers, it was found that one of those surveyed companies has had experience in the International market, This is a great contribution, since through all the research carried out it was given a generating proposal in which she can have a vision of the countries that, according to the fieldwork carried out, can reach the international market and thus generate greater profitability

La gerencia del talento humano con enfoque de comunicación estratégica alineado a la sustentabilidad y sostenibilidad.

C.I. Sunshine Bouquet es una empresa productora y exportadora de flores, ubicada en la Sabana de Bogotá, para la empresa Sunshine Bouquet, el concepto de sostenibilidad y sustentabilidad son similares y radican en el correcto uso de los recursos ambientales y sociales buscando la disminución de residuos y costos, involucrando a todo el personal de la compañía generando cultura socio ambiental.Especialista en Gerencia del Talento HumanoEspecializació

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Estados Unidos y Colombia en los Departamentos de Risaralda y Caldas

En el presente trabajo se muestra la comprensión y aplicación de las herramientas teóricas y metodológicas del enfoque narrativo en la psicología contemporánea, logrando de esta forma un camino reflexivo para los abordajes terapéuticos y activación de rutas psicosociales en las situaciones de violencia que se presentan a diario y que van dejando huellas imborrables en la memoria de aquellos que sin culpa alguna han sido envueltos en un círculo vicioso los cuales se torna más peligroso y que en las peores consecuencias ofrecen su vida a cambio de la libertad del otro. Como señala Polkinghorne (1988), “el ser humano por naturaleza es un ser narrativo, un animal que cuenta historias que en gran medida provienen del mundo social y cultural”. En este sentido, la narrativa es una condición ontológica para la vida, en un mundo construido y constituido por palabras, en donde se les da sentido narrativo a nuestras vidas, y, asimismo, damos vida a nuestras narrativas, con los sucesos acontecidos en ellas. De esta forma, entonces el ser humano tiene en su esencia la facilidad de actuar como narrador de historias y esto se ha convertido en la oportunidad perfecta para que la narrativa tome un espacio importante y se considere útil en diferentes sentidos, como método de investigación, terapéutico y por qué no, como método de abordaje en experiencias de vida que poco a poco van tomando formas negativas e intolerantes frente a la dignidad humana. Así mismo se da la oportunidad de expresar un caso determinado en el que se presentan situaciones que establecen daños emocionales y físicos en los que la violencia se posesiona como victimario y se apropia de la vida de las personas que han sido victimizadas en algún acto que afecte su integridad humana. Posteriormente, se relacionan algunas estrategias como posibles métodos de abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia, en el “caso Peñas Coloradas”, en donde lo quiere con esta actividad es que como psicólogos en formación tengamos la capacidad de evaluar eventos psicosociales traumáticos desde el enfoque narrativo y análisis del mismo, proponiendo recursos con el fin de afrontar y cooperar en la mitigación de los posibles daños causados por estos eventos.This document shows the understanding and application of the theoretical and methodological tools of the narrative approach in contemporary psychology, thus achieving a reflective path for therapeutic approaches and activation of psychosocial routes in situations of violence that occur daily and leave indelible traces in the memory of those who through no fault of their own have been involved in a vicious circle which becomes more dangerous and in the worst consequences offer their lives in exchange for the freedom of the other. As Polkinghorne (1988) points out, the human being by nature is a narrative being, an animal that tells stories that largely come from the social and cultural world. In this sense, narrative is an ontological condition for life, in a world constructed and constituted by words, where narrative meaning is given to our lives, and, likewise, we give life to our narratives, with the events that take place in them. In this way, then, the human being has in his essence the facility to act as a storyteller and this has become the perfect opportunity for the narrative to take an important space and is considered useful in different ways, as a method of research, therapeutic and why not, as a method of approach in life experiences that are gradually taking negative and intolerant forms against human dignity. Likewise, the opportunity is given to express a specific case in which situations are presented that establish emotional and physical damage in which violence takes possession as the victimizer and appropriates the lives of people who have been victimized in some act that affects their human integrity. Subsequently, some strategies are related as possible methods of psychosocial approach in scenarios of violence, in the "Peñas Coloradas case", where the purpose of this activity is that as psychologists in training, we can evaluate traumatic psychosocial events from the narrative approach and analysis of the same, proposing resources to face and cooperate in mitigating the possible damage caused by these events

Propuesta Plan de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial para la Compañía Alimentos Comapan S.A.

Enlace E-Book Código de ética, Formato de diagnóstico para la Empresa Comapan.Las empresas enfrentan cambios en su funcionamiento y prioridades debido a la exigencia cada vez más alta por parte de los grupos de interés que intervienen en el proceso, es por ello por lo que por medio de la implementación un Plan de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial para una compañía como COMAPAN se busca integrar las acciones que se realizan dentro de la empresa con las necesidades ambientales y sociales de sus grupos de interés, esto combinado con las estrategias comerciales de la misma.The companies change in their operation and the needs due to the increasingly high demand on the part of the interest groups that intervene in the process, that is why through the implementation of a Corporate Social Responsibility Plan for a company like COMAPAN seeks to integrate the actions carried out within the company with the environmental and social needs of its stakeholders, this is combined with its commercial strategies

La Imagen y la Narrativa como Herramientas para el Abordaje Psicosocial en Escenarios de Violencia, departamentos de Tolima y Huila.

La salud física, mental y emocional en el individuo es un componente integral y un derecho fundamental, el cual este derecho no se le han garantizado a las víctimas en los diferentes contextos de violencia, siendo de gran importancia en la intervención psicosocial en estos escenarios de violencia, permitiendo hacer uso de la imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje Psicosocial en Escenarios de Violencia, generando un bienestar subjetivo y fortaleciendo en las victimas el reconocimiento, el empoderamiento y la resiliencia, como una oportunidad de reconstruir su identidad subjetiva. El presente trabajo permite realizar un análisis reflexivo que nos ponen en diversos contextos, implementando estrategias que favorezcan las habilidades de afrontamiento, donde les permita exigir sus derechos y el defender sus propias ideas, donde reconozcan sus capacidades y habilidades resilientes y se recuperen de las situaciones traumáticas que les ha dejado a lo largo de su vida, luego del hecho victimizante. De acuerdo al caso del relato de Ana Ligia, se plantean diferentes preguntas, las cuales van encaminadas hacia una aproximación psicosocial para evitar que las afectaciones del hecho victimizante puedan trascender y pueda superar las condiciones de victimización. Así mismo, la experiencia de la foto voz elaborada en distintos contextos, permite reconocer que la violencia hace parte de la historia y que aún se sigue presentado en cada uno de nuestros Regiones, pese a esta situación los individuos han establecido habilidades y estrategias de fortaleza pese a las dificultades a las que se han enfrentado, permitiendo ser capaces de resistir a la adversidad, reconstruyendo sus vidas, transformando esos eventos vividos en memorias colectivas.Physical, mental and emotional health in the individual is an integral component and a fundamental right, of which this right has not been guaranteed to the victims in the different contexts of violence, being of great importance in the psychosocial intervention in these scenarios of violence. violence, allowing the use of image and narrative as tools for the Psychosocial approach in Violence Scenarios, generating subjective well-being and strengthening recognition, empowerment and resilience in the victims, as an opportunity to rebuild their subjective identity. This work allows us to carry out a reflective analysis that puts us in different contexts, implementing strategies that favor coping skills, where it allows them to demand their rights and defend their own ideas, where they recognize their resilient capacities and abilities and recover from situations traumatic events that have left them throughout their lives, after the victimizing event. According to the case of Ana Ligia's story, different questions are posed, which are directed towards a psychosocial approach to avoid that the effects of the victimizing act can transcend and can overcome the victimization conditions. Likewise, the experience of the photo-voice elaborated in different contexts, allows us to recognize that violence is part of history and that it is still present in each of our Regions, despite this situation, individuals have established skills and strength strategies despite the difficulties they have faced, allowing them to be able to resist adversity, rebuilding their lives, transforming those events lived into collective memories

Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: Data are lacking on the long-term effect on cardiovascular events of adding sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind study, we assigned 14,671 patients to add either sitagliptin or placebo to their existing therapy. Open-label use of antihyperglycemic therapy was encouraged as required, aimed at reaching individually appropriate glycemic targets in all patients. To determine whether sitagliptin was noninferior to placebo, we used a relative risk of 1.3 as the marginal upper boundary. The primary cardiovascular outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 3.0 years, there was a small difference in glycated hemoglobin levels (least-squares mean difference for sitagliptin vs. placebo, -0.29 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.32 to -0.27). Overall, the primary outcome occurred in 839 patients in the sitagliptin group (11.4%; 4.06 per 100 person-years) and 851 patients in the placebo group (11.6%; 4.17 per 100 person-years). Sitagliptin was noninferior to placebo for the primary composite cardiovascular outcome (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.09; P<0.001). Rates of hospitalization for heart failure did not differ between the two groups (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.20; P = 0.98). There were no significant between-group differences in rates of acute pancreatitis (P = 0.07) or pancreatic cancer (P = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease, adding sitagliptin to usual care did not appear to increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, hospitalization for heart failure, or other adverse events

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030