Impact of Hard Palate Angulation Caused by Septal Deviation on Maxillary Sinus Volume

Objective: To investigate the effect of hard palate angulation caused by septal deviation on the volume of the maxillary sinus.Methods: Coronal computed tomographic (CT) scans of 1568 patients aged from 18 to 60 were examined. CT scans of 402 patients were included in the study. On these scans, the maxillary sinus volume, the angle of the nasal septal deviation, and the angulation of the hard palate were calculated using the ImageJ software. Each maxillary sinus volume was statistically compared with each other and with those in the control group. Correlations between palatal angulation and septal deviation were determined.Results: Deviated nasal septum whether with or without deflection of the hard palate was noted to have caused changes in the volume of the maxillary sinus in both female and male patients. The volume of the maxillary sinus on the deviated side was less than that of the opposite side, and the differences between the volumes of both sinuses were statistically significant (p<0.05). No significant differences were noted when compared with the control group. A positive correlation was observed between the nasal septal deviation angle and the angulation of the hard palate.Conclusion: Regardless of whether or not it affects the hard palate, nasal septal deviation reduces the volume of the maxillary sinus on the deviated side but does not affect the total volume of the maxillary sinuses. Significant differences between the volumes on the two sides can lead to facial asymmetry

Ultrastructural Interrelationship between the Pineal Gland and the Testis in the Male Rat

The ultrastructural interrelationship between the pineal gland and testis was evaluated in the rat. Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups. Groups I and II were sham-orchidectomized and orchidectomized rats, respectively. Rats in group III were orchidectomized and daily injected with testosterone propionate (TP) for 1 month. Groups IV and V were sham-pinealectomized and pinealectomized, respectively. Group VI was pinealectomized and daily injected with melatonin for 2 months. All animals were anesthetized with ketamine for fixation by vascular perfusion. Pineal glands of groups I, II, and III and the testes of groups IV, V, and VI were removed and weighed. All specimens were examined by electron microscopy. Orchidectomy caused an increase of lipid droplets, cytoplasmic dense bodies, and lysosomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria were extensive in the cytoplasm. TP administration to orchidectomized rats resulted in formation of less extensive lipid droplets and mitochondria. In pinealectomized rats, golgi complex, mitochondria, and enlarged smooth endoplasmic reticulum were extensive in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells. Formation of cytoplasmic secretory granules and osmiophilic bodies was observed. Testicular weight increased compared to group IV. Melatonin decreased testicular weight in comparison to group V and prevented ultrastructural changes. Pinealectomy and orchidectomy caused hyperactivity in Leydig cells and pinealocytes, respectively, which suggests a mutual relationship between the pineal gland and testis in the rat

Incidence and Distribution of Sesamoid Bones in the Hand

Amaç: Sesamoidler, palmar ve plantar eklem yüzeylerinde kemiklere ve eklemlere çok yakın belirli bazı tendonlarda gömülü bulunan, şekilleri ve boyutları değişebilen, genellikle küçük ve oval şekilli kemiklerdir. Travmatik ve dejeneratif hasarları sıklıkla görülür. Bu nedenle, sesamoid kemiklerin eldeki dağılım özelliklerini saptamak, sadece anatomik bilgi sağlamakla kalmayacak, aynı zamanda bu kemiklerin de dahil olduğu elin patolojik durumlarını anlamaya yardımcı olacaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada Fırat Üniversitesi Hastanesi Radyoloji Anabilim Dalı tarafından film fokus mesafesi 100-110 cm olarak çekilmiş, 231 erkek 469 kadın olmak üzere toplam 700 yetişkin kişinin PA el röntgenleri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Verilerin istatistiksel analizinde nicel betimsel analiz yöntemlerinden frekans ve yüzde kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: Yapılan incelemede, hem erkeklerde, hem de kadınlarda, gerek sağ ve gerekse sol elde I. metakarpal (MK) kemikte sesamoid kemik varlığı %100 olarak tespit edildi. II. MK’de erkeklerde %68.4, kadınlarda %66.3 oranında görülürken, ellerdeki dağılımı yönüyle sağ elde %67.8 sol elde ise %66.2 şeklinde idi. Aynı zamanda diğer MK kemikleri ve falanks kemikleri de değerlendirildi.Sonuç: Sesamoid kemiklerin ayrıntılı anatomisinin bilinmesi, radyolojik incelemelerde sesamoidlere bağlı hastalıkların erken ve doğru teşhisini artıracaktır.Objective: Sesamoid bones are usually small and oval shaped bones with varying shapes and sizes which are embedded in certain tendons that are very close to the bones and joints on the palmar and plantar joint surfaces. Their traumatic and degenerative injuries are frequently encountered. Therefore, determining the distribution characteristics of sesamoid bones in the hand will not only provide anatomic information but also aid in understanding the pathological conditions of the hand including these bones.Materials and methods: The PA hand x-rays, which were taken with the focus film distance of 100-110 cm by Department of Radiology at Fırat University Hospital, of a total of 700 adults including 231 male and 469 female were evaluated retrospectively. Frequency and percentage of quantitative descriptive analysis methods were used in statistical analysis of data.Results: In the present study, the presence of sesamoid bone in I. metacarpal (MC) bone was detected to be 100% in both males and females in both right and left hand. It was detected at the rates of 68.4% in males and 66.3% in females in the II. MC. Its distribution in hands was as 67.8% in the right hand and 66.2% in the left hand. At the same time, other MC bones and phalanx bones were evaluated as well.Conclusion: Knowing the detailed anatomy of sesamoid bones will increase the early and accurate diagnosis of diseases associated with sesamoids in radiological examinations

Lung Tissue Damage in the Experimental Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity and Protective Role of Melatonin Hormone: A light Microscopic and Biochemical Study

Bu çalışmada, akciğer dokusu üzerindeki karbon tetraklorür (CCl4) toksisitesine karşı melatonin hormonunun koruyucu etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlandı. 24 adet Wistar-Albino cinsi erkek sıçanlar üç eşit gruba ayrıldı. Grup Ideki sıçanlar kontrol olarak kullanıldı. Grup IIdeki hayvanlara gün aşırı olarak ve derialtı yolla CCl4 uygulandı. Grup IIIdeki sıçanlara ise CCl4 enjeksiyonu ile birlikte yine gün aşırı olarak ve derialtı yolla melatonin verildi. Dört haftalık deney süresi sonunda bütün sıçanlar dekapite edilerek akciğerleri çıkartıldı. Biyokimyasal incelemeler için, akciğer doku örneklerinin bir bölümünde süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), glutatyon peroksidaz (GSH-Px) enzim aktiviteleri ve malondialdehit (MDA) seviyeleri spektrofotometrik olarak belirlendi. Mikroskobik incelemeler için, doku örnekleri rutin histolojik prosedürlerden geçirilerek parafine gömüldü. CCl4 enjeksiyonu yapılan sıçanlara ait akciğer doku örneklerindeki SOD ve GSH-Px enzim aktivitelerinin kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde azaldığı, MDA düzeylerinin ise arttığı tespit edildi. Mikroskobik incelemede ise, CCl4 maruziyetinin akciğerde pulmoner interstisyumda hemorajiye, polimorf çekirdekli lökosit ve makrofaj infiltrasyonuna neden olduğu görüldü. CCl4 enjeksiyonu ile birlikte melatonin uygulanan hayvanlarda, SOD ve GSH-Px enzim aktivitelerinde bir artışın meydana geldiği, MDA değerlerinde ise anlamlı bir düşüşün olduğu gözlendi. Işık mikroskobik incelemelerde, CCl4 toksisitesinin neden olduğu histopatolojik değişikliklerin melatonin uygulamasıyla düzeldiği görüldü. CCl4 toksisitesinin akciğerlerde önemli ölçüde oksidatif doku hasarına yol açtığı ve bu hasarın melatonin uygulamasıyla önlenebildiği tespit edildi.In this study, it was aimed to investigate the protective effects of melatonin hormone against to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity in lung tissue. Twenty-four male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. Rats in group I were used as control. Rats in group II were injected subcutaneously every other day with CCl4. Rats in group III were injected subcutaneously every other day with CCl4 and melatonin. At the end of four weeks of experimental period, all animals were killed by decapitation and their lungs were removed. For biochemical examination, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determinated by a spectrophotometer in some of the lung tissue specimens. For light microscopic examination, tissue specimens were embedded in paraffin blocks following routine histological procedures. In lung tissue samples of rats treated with CCl4, SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities were significantly lower and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly higher than the control group. Microscopically, interstitial pulmonary hemorrhage, leucocytes with polymorphic nuclei and macrophage infiltration were observed in the lung specimens of rats exposed to CCl4 alone.There is a statistically significant increase in SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities, and a decrease in MDA levels in rats treated with CCl4 and melatonin. Histopathological changes caused by CCl4 toxicity were not observed in rats treated by melatonin. It is concluded that CCl4 creates oxidative damage in lung tissue and melatonin has protective effects against this CCl4 induced damag

The histological evaluation of the testes of rats which applied formaldehyde and lavender oil

Amaç: Çalışmamızda, solunum yolu ile uygulanan formaldehit’in sıçan testislerinde yaptığı hasar histolojik olarak araştırıldı. Aynı zamanda, bu hasarlara karşı aromaterapi uygulamalarında sık kullanılan lavanta yağının muhtemel koruyucu etkileri de incelendi. Gereç-Yöntem: Bu amaçla, 21 adet Wistar-Albino cinsi erkek sıçan kullanıldı. Grup I’deki sıçanlar kontrol olarak kullanılırken, Grup II’deki sıçanlar, 35 gün boyunca solunum yoluyla formaldehit’e (10 ppm/1saat) maruz bırakıldı. Grup III’deki sıçanlara ise formaldehit uygulamasının yanı sıra saf lavanta yağı (1ml/1saat) yine solunum yoluyla verildi. Uygulama sonunda hayvanlar sakrifiye edildi ve histolojik incelemeler için testisler çıkarıldı. Çalışmada, tubuli seminiferi contorti çapları, Leydig hücre sayıları ve çekirdek hasarlı Leydig hücreleri incelendi. Bulgular: Formaldehit’e maruz kalan sıçanlar kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, tubül çapları ve Leydig hücre sayılarında azalma, çekirdek hasarlı Leydig hücrelerinde ise artma tespit edildi. Ayrıca tubül duvarlarında atrofik değişiklikler gözlendi. Formaldehit maruziyetiyle birlikte lavanta yağı uygulanan grupta ise, formaldehit maruziyetine bağlı olarak testiste gelişen histolojik değişikliklerin düzelmiş olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç: Solunum yolu ile formaldehit maruziyetine bağlı olarak testiste önemli histolojik hasarların meydana geldiği ve bu hasarlara karşı lavanta yağının koruyucu özellik gösterdiği tespit edildi.Aim: In our study, harmful effects of formaldehyde (FA) inhalation on the testes were investigated histologically. In addition, the possible protective effects of lavender oil which often used in aromatherapy, were examined against these damages. Material-Methods: For this purpose, 21 albino-Wistar rats were used. The rats of group I was used as control group. The rats of group II were exposed FA (10 ppm/ 1hour) for 35 days. The rats of group III inhaleted lavender oil (1ml/1 hour) with FA. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrified and testes were removed for histological examination. In this examination, the diameters of seminiferous tubul, Leydig cells and Leydig cells with damaged nucleus were determined. Results: When the rats were exposed to formaldehyde compared with the control group, it was determined that the diameter of tubuls and number of Leydig cells were decreased and Leydig cells with damaged nucleus were increased. And also it was seen that there were atrophic changes in the tubuls. In the group in which the lavender oil was applied with formaldehyde exposure it was determined that the histological changes of testes occured via FA exposure were improved. Conclusion: It was shown that harmful effects of FA on testes occured via formaldehyde exposure and lavender oil have protective effects to the these damages

Ghrelin expression in liver of the toluene inhaled rats

Tolüen endüstride çok sık kullanılan, bağımlılık yapıcı ve toksik etkileri olan aromatik bir hidrokarbondur. Ghrelin ise yakın zamanda keşfedilen birçok doku gibi karaciğer dokusunda da bulunan çok fonksiyonlu bir hormondur. Bu çalışmada, karaciğer üzerine toksik etkileri olduğu bilinen tolüenin deneysel olarak sıçanlara uygulanması sonucunda karaciğer dokusunda ghrelin ekspresyonunun immünohistokimyasal yöntemlerle araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, 14 adet Wistar-Albino cinsi erkek sıçan iki eşit gruba ayrıldı. Grup I'deki sıçanlar kontrol olarak düzenlendi. Grup Il'deki sıçanlar, dört hafta boyunca solunum yoluyla tolüen'e (3000 ppm/lsaat/gün) maruz bırakıldı. 30. günün sonunda tüm ratlar dekapite edilerek karaciğer dokuları ışık mikroskobu takibi için %10'luk nötral formalin ile fikse edilip, rutin histolojik takip serilerinden geçirilerek parafin bloklara gömüldü. Ghrelin dağılımını belirlemek amacıyla parafin bloklardan 5 µm kalınlığında kesitler polilizinli lamlara alındı. Avidin-biotin-peroksidaz yöntemi ile ghrelin immünreaktivitesi belirlendi. Karaciğer dokusunda ghrelin immünreaktivitesi Grup I'de şiddetli (+3), Grup Il'de bazı hepatositlerde hafif (+1) olarak izlenirken, bazı hepatositlerde ise immünreaksiyon gözlenmedi. Negatif kontrol için yapılan boyamalarda, hepatositlerde herhangi bir immünreaktivite görülmedi. Pozitif kontrol olarak ise, mide dokusunda ghrelin immünreaktivitesi belirlendi. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, tolüen maruziyetinin karaciğer dokusunda ghrelin ekspresyonunu azalttığı belirlendi.Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon has addictive and toxic effect that is used widely in the industry. Ghrelin was a recently identified multifunctional hormone that is found in many organs, including the liver. This study aimed to determine ghrelin expression via immunohistochemical methods in rats that were experimentally administered toluene, a toxic agent for liver. For this purpose, 14 adult male Wistar-albino rats were divided into two equal groups. Animals in group I were used as control group. The rats in group II were exposed toluene (3000 ppm/1hour/day) for four-weeks. Rats from both groups were decapitated 30 days after the operation. The liver tissues were removed and fixed in % 10 neutral formalin solution. Then tissue specimens were embedded in paraffin and sectioned (thickness, 5 &micro;m). The sections were immunohistochemically stained using avidin-biotin-peroxidase method for determination ghrelin immunoreactivity. Ghrelin immunoreactivity in the hepatocytes was determined as strong (+3) in the control group and low (+1) or no staining in the toluene inhaled group. No immunoreactivity was observed in negative control specimens. Ghrelin immunoreactivity was detected in sections of rat stomach used as a positive control. The results obtained in our study indicate that toluene inhalation causes a decrease in ghrelin expression in the liver