Cooperative interaction of MUC1 with the HGF/c-Met pathway during hepatocarcinogenesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induced c-Met activation is known as the main stimulus for hepatocyte proliferation and is essential for liver development and regeneration. Activation of HGF/c-Met signaling has been correlated with aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MUC1 is a transmembrane mucin, whose over-expression is reported in most cancers. Many of the oncogenic effects of MUC1 are believed to occur through the interaction of MUC1 with signaling molecules. To clarify the role of MUC1 in HGF/c-Met signaling, we determined whether MUC1 and c-Met interact cooperatively and what their role(s) is in hepatocarcinogenesis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>MUC1 and c-Met over-expression levels were determined in highly motile and invasive, mesenchymal-like HCC cell lines, and in serial sections of cirrhotic and HCC tissues, and these levels were compared to those in normal liver tissues. Co-expression of both c-Met and MUC1 was found to be associated with the differentiation status of HCC. We further demonstrated an interaction between c-Met and MUC1 in HCC cells. HGF-induced c-Met phosphorylation decreased this interaction, and down-regulated MUC1 expression. Inhibition of c-Met activation restored HGF-mediated MUC1 down-regulation, and decreased the migratory and invasive abilities of HCC cells via inhibition of β-catenin activation and c-Myc expression. In contrast, siRNA silencing of MUC1 increased HGF-induced c-Met activation and HGF-induced cell motility and invasion.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These findings indicate that the crosstalk between MUC1 and c-Met in HCC could provide an advantage for invasion to HCC cells through the β-catenin/c-Myc pathway. Thus, MUC1 and c-Met could serve as potential therapeutic targets in HCC.</p

Ectopic expression of CAV1 enhanced c-Met signaling to drive cellular motility and invasion and branching morphogenesis in response to HGF stimulation.

<p>Cells transfected with mock or CAV1 plasmid were treated with or without HGF and then tested in migration and invasion assays. The cells that migrated and invaded through membrane were stained, counted under a light microscope at 25× magnification. The results are representative of three independent experiments, done in quadruplicate. Fold change were calculated by data from non-induced conditions. Bars represent fold change in mean number ± S.E. of migrating and invading cells; <b>A.</b> HuH-7-mock, <b>B.</b> HuH-pCAV1 and invading cells; <b>C.</b> HuH-7-mock, <b>D.</b> HuH-7- pCAV1 Student's t-test was used in the comparison of the means of non-induced and HGF-induced conditions. <b>E.</b> Branching-morphogenesis assay performed by HuH-7-mock and HuH-7-pCAV1 cells in DMEM supplemented with or without HGF. <b>F.</b> Columns shows mean number ± S.E derived from three separate experiments done in quadruplicate. ANOVA was used in comparison of groups. (***<i>p</i><0,0001, **<i>p</i><0,001, *<i>p</i><0,05; Bar: 200 µm.).</p

Reciprocal Activating Crosstalk between c-Met and Caveolin 1 Promotes Invasive Phenotype in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

<div><p>c-Met, the receptor for Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), overexpressed and deregulated in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Caveolin 1 (CAV1), a plasma membrane protein that modulates signal transduction molecules, is also overexpressed in HCC. The aim of this study was to investigate biological and clinical significance of co-expression and activation of c-Met and CAV1 in HCC. We showed that c-Met and CAV1 were co-localized in HCC cells and HGF treatment increased this association. HGF-triggered c-Met activation caused a concurrent rise in both phosphorylation and expression of CAV1. Ectopic expression of CAV1 accelerated c-Met signaling, resulted in enhanced migration, invasion, and branching-morphogenesis. Silencing of CAV1 downregulated c-Met signaling, and decreased migratory/invasive capability of cells and attenuated branching morphogenesis. In addition, activation and co-localization of c-Met and CAV1 were elevated during hepatocarcinogenesis. In conclusion reciprocal activating crosstalk between c-Met and CAV1 promoted oncogenic signaling of c-Met contributed to the initiation and progression of HCC.</p></div

Immunohistochemical assesment of phospho-Met and phospho-CAV1 expressions in normal, cirrhotic and HCC tissues.

<p>Negative phosphor-Met expression in normal hepatocytes (a), cirrhotic liver tissue showed weak, phospho-Met staining (b). HCC displayed intense phospho-Met staining. Each column represents histologically classified liver tissues (normal liver, cirrhotic liver, HCC) with the height representing the ratio of positive staining for phospho-Met (d). Negative phospho-CAV1 expression in normal liver tissue (e), diffuse phospho-CAV1 staining in hepatocytes in the cirrhotic liver tissue (g), HCC displayed strong phospho-CAV1 staining (h). Comparison of the ratios of positive staining for phospho-CAV1 in normal liver, cirrhotic liver, and HCC tissues. Each column represents the immunoreactivity of both phospho-Met and phospho-CAV1 in the same liver tissue samples (i). Trend in χ²-test was performed to determine the trend between groups (*p<0,05, NS: not significant, Bar = 200 µm).</p

Reciprocal Activating Crosstalk between c-Met and Caveolin 1 Promotes Invasive Phenotype in Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Figure 1

<p><b>A.</b> HGF induced association of CAV1 with c-Met. Serum starved SNU-449 cells were exposed to HGF for 15, 30 and 60 min. Whole cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-c-Met antibody, resolved by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with antibody to CAV1 and c-Met. Anti-c-Met antibody was probed to the membrane as a loading control. There was no detectable c-Met and CAV1 band in immunoprecipitates prepared with IgG as an IP-control. <b>B.</b> The relative CAV1 intensities for the different treatments relative to the corresponding levels of c-Met were calculated. Different treatments relative to the present in the untreated control sample are compared in the bar graphs. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) of three independently experiments. <b>C.</b> Overnight starved SNU-449 cells were treated without (upper row)/with HGF (lower row) for 60 min. Representative image showing protein expression by double CM of CAV1 (red, Alexa 455) 1 (a, b), c-Met (green, Alexa 488) (c, d). Overlapping of red and green signals shown in yellow indicate the co-localization of the two proteins (e, f). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Blue boxed areas were enlarged in the insets to reveal the incidence of colocalization (g, h). Scale bar: 200 µm.</p

HGF mediated CAV1 activation.

<p><b>A</b>. WB showing the expression of the indicated proteins in SNU-449 cells, overnight starved and treated with or without HGF at different time points. Calnexin was used as a loading control. <b>B</b>. Representative images for co-localization of phospho-CAV1 with phospho-Met increased by HGF treatment. Induced or non-induced SNU-449 cells by HGF for 60 min were assessed for c-Met (Y1234/1235) (green) (a, b) and CAV1 (Y14) (red) (c, d) phosphorylation by immune fluorescent staining. Subsequent images were merged (e and f) and overlapping of red and green signals were shown in yellow, indicating the co-localization of two proteins. A higher magnification view of the SNU-449 cells was also shown (see boxed areas) (g, h). Bar: 200 µm.</p

Immunohistochemical staining in well-, moderate-, and poorly differentiated HCC tissues revealed an increasing trend towards well to poor differentiation.

<p>Representative images shows Serial sections were stained with anti-phospho-Met (a, b, c) and anti-phospho-CAV1(d, e, f) antibodies. Each column represents the ratio of positive staining for phospho-Met (g) and phospho-CAV1 (h), co-expression of phospho-Met and phospho-CAV1 (i) in well-, moderate-, and poorly-differentiated HCC. Trend in χ²-test was performed to determine the trend between groups (*<i>p</i><0,05, NS: not significant, Bar = 200 µm).</p

SU11274 inhibited c-Met and downstream signaling.

<p><b>A.</b> After overnight starvation and SU11274 pretreatment, SNU-449 cells were stimulated with HGF for 15, 30, 60 min or left un-stimulated. Lysates were immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. Calnexin was used as loading control. <b>B.</b> Band intensities of phospho-CAV1 were quantified by densitometry and normalized to CAV1 (n = 3) (*<i>p</i><0,05, NS: not significant). The relative phospho-Met/c-Met and p-MAPK/MAPK for the different treatments relative to the levels present in corresponding untreated control samples are compared in the bar graphs (n = 3).</p

CAV1 knockdown inhibited HGF evoked activation of c-Met signaling pathway.

<p><b>A.</b> SNU-449 cells transfected with CAV1-siRNA or NT-siRNA for 72 h, stimulated with HGF for 30 min were subjected to WB analysis with indicated antibodies. Calnexin was used as a loading control. <b>B.</b> The graph depicting results from densitometry quantitation of CAV1 band which was normalized to calnexin. Error bars represent S.E. (n = 5). Band intensities of phospho-Met and p-MAPK were quantified by densitometry and normalized to c-Met and MAPK, respectively (n = 3). Values from NT-siRNA were set at 1. ANOVA was used in comparison of groups. (*<i>p</i><0,05, NS: not significant).</p